Deck 6: Observational Research: the Many Forms of Discipline in Parents Bag of Tricks

Question 1

Approximately _____ countries have banned the use of physical punishment, such as spanking, on moral grounds.

A) 20
B) 22
C) 24
D) 26

Answer 1

24

Question 2

Descriptive statistics do NOT permit:

A) one to draw conclusions beyond the data.
B) objectivity in the data.
C) description of the data.
D) analysis of the data.

Answer 2

one to draw conclusions beyond the data.

Question 3

A value that best represents all of the other values for a particular variable is referred to as:

A) a continuous value.
B) central tendency.
C) a categorical value.
D) a frequency distribution.

Answer 3

central tendency.

Question 4

A trial run used to assess and refine the design, methods, and instruments for a study is called:

A) informed consent.
B) a pilot test
C) debriefing.
D) interval testing.

Question 5

Cohen's _____ coefficient is a statistical measure of inter-observer agreement between two observers for categorical items.

A) delta
B) alpha
C) kappa
D) theta

Question 6

The book, My Freshman Year: What a Professor Learned by Becoming a Student, is a prime example of:

A) laboratory observation.
B) systematic observation.
C) analogue observation.
D) participant observation.

Question 7

If a variable is labeled "high" or "low" in a coding system, that variable is:

A) continuous.
B) categorical.
C) ordinal.
D) interval.

Question 8

Which of the following is the symbol for median?

A) M
B) Mo
C) Mdn
D) kappa

Question 9

The consensus between two observers' ratings of the same event is referred to as:

A) intra-observer reliability.
B) inter-observer reliability.
C) pilot testing.
D) interval recording.

Question 10

Bribes, operationally defined as verbal promises to give a child something, are considered:

A) negative reinforcement.
B) negative punishment.
C) positive reinforcement.
D) positive punishment.

Question 11

Shirley and Lorene are lab assistants helping to code behaviors in an experiment. The main researcher has not informed them as to the overall purpose of these observations. This is an example of:

A) blind observation.
B) concealment.
C) intra-observer reliability.
D) laboratory observation.

Question 12

Studies that involve active deception and concealment rarely _____ at the beginning of a study.

A) provide informed consent
B) operationalize variables
C) obtain IRB approval
D) discuss ethical obligations

Question 13

When using bar charts to represent data, bar lengths are _____ the values they represent.

A) greater than
B) proportional to
C) less than
D) double

Question 14

Which of the following variables would pose the most challenges to a naturalistic observation?

A) automatic thoughts
B) discipline behaviors
C) clothing styles
D) nonverbal language

Question 15

Artificially introducing a variable that is of interest to the researchers and then observing the consequences is a:

A) blind observation.
B) continuous observation.
C) analogue observation.
D) contrived observation.

Question 16

The average total yards run by the university's football team refers to the:

A) median.
B) mode.
C) standard deviation.
D) mean.

Question 17

Bernardo received grant funding to transform his lab to look like a daycare room, equipped with toys, decorations, and staff. Bernardo wanted to ensure a high degree of _____ validity in his laboratory experiments.

A) external
B) internal
C) ecological
D) peripheral

Question 18

The most frequently occurring score in a set of data is referred to as the:

A) mean.
B) median.
C) deviation.
D) mode.

Question 19

MTV's The Real World was a reality show that premiered in 1992. Research suggests that reactivity _____ as individuals such as those on The Real World become accustomed to being observed.

A) increases
B) diminishes
C) stays the same
D) becomes absent

Question 20

Which of the following would NOT be considered a situational factor?

A) setting
B) weather
C) time of day
D) socioeconomic status

Question 21

Researchers attempted to re-create a small-town doctor experience, by transforming the laboratory into a doctor's office and furnishing it with instruments, décor, and staff that would be similar in the real setting. The researchers are attempting to increase the following with their efforts in:

A) ecological validity.
B) concurrent validity.
C) internal consistency.
D) internal reliability.

Question 22

When a researcher is actively engaging and interacting with participants while observing them it's referred to as:

A) social modeling.
B) participant observation.
C) laboratory observation.
D) systematic observation.

Question 23

Richard was developing a ______ to assist observers in noting certain nonverbal and verbal behaviors displayed by participants.

A) check sheet
B) coding system
C) pilot test
D) inter-rater reliability

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a descriptive statistic?

A) mean of sample
B) standard deviation of sample
C) mode of sample
D) inferring value to population

Question 25

Leticia is sitting at a local park watching families interact for one of her sociology classes. This is an example of:

A) an analogue study.
B) laboratory observation.
C) participant observation.
D) naturalistic observation.

Question 26

Gwen wants to make sure her experiment's findings can be generalized beyond the sample. Gwen is referring to:

A) external validity.
B) internality validity.
C) concurrent validity.
D) content validity.

Question 27

Josefina wanted to view and note that occurrence of predetermined behaviors in an organized way. This would be an example of:

A) external validity.
B) laboratory observation.
C) systematic observational research.
D) participant observation.

Question 28

The extent to which an observer consistently codes a variable refers to:

A) inter-rater reliability.
B) intra-observer reliability.
C) internal consistency.
D) external validity.

Question 29

Earle is recording the time between the end of a child's tantrum and when she receives a reward from her caregiver. This approach is known as:

A) duration recording.
B) blind observation.
C) frequency-count recording.
D) observation schedule.

Question 30

Tracey records each time a specific verbalization is made in parent-child dyads. This is an example of:

A) duration recording.
B) blind observation.
C) frequency-count recording.
D) observation schedule.

Question 31

If a researcher is more focused on the "what" rather than the "why" of behavior, they would most likely use what type of research design?

A) experimental
B) correlational
C) descriptive
D) analogue

Question 32

Tanya was told that she was participating in a study about coupon use at a local supermarket. In reality, her implicit attitudes regarding gender were being studied. This is an example of:

A) blind observation.
B) reactivity.
C) active deception.
D) nonconcealment.

Question 33

Morris is conducting an experiment for class. He decides that he will inform his participants that they are being observed, but will not tell them what exactly he is observing. This is an example of:

A) concealed observation.
B) nonconcealed observation.
C) an analogue study.
D) a deception study.

Question 34

When individuals alter their performance or behaviors because others are observing them it's called:

A) concealment.
B) reactivity.
C) naturalistic.
D) blind.

Question 35

According to the text, parents may feel enormous pressure from______, which can influence their discipline practices.

A) the personality of the child
B) reactivity
C) social norms
D) their marriage

Question 36

Each of the following is a potential drawback of participant observation, EXCEPT:

A) bias.
B) objectivity.
C) subjectivity.
D) becoming too involved.

Question 37

If a researcher is more focused on the "why" rather than the "what" of behavior, they would most likely use what type of research design?

A) experimental
B) descriptive
C) observational
D) meta-analysis

Question 38

The extent to which a particular study's findings are generalizable to the real-world is referred to as:

A) internal validity.
B) reliability.
C) external validity.
D) concurrent validity.

Question 39

The operational definition of "striking the bottom of another person with an open hand" refers to:

A) spanking.
B) threatening.
C) whipping.
D) bribing.

Question 40

Dori scored a 52 on an accepted measurement of anxiety. Samson scored a 71 on the same measure. Their scores would be considered:

A) categorical.
B) nominal.
C) ordinal.
D) continuous.

Question 41

Dr. Forrester wants to understand why children scream louder and engage in more problem behaviors after being told "No" by their parents. Dr. Forrester believes that it may have something to do with discipline consistency. What type of research design would be most applicable to Dr. Forrester's research question?

Question 42

Dr. Artega's research lab focuses on bullying behavior in middle and high school. She started a new research project looking at cyberbullying and needs to develop a coding system for the study. Which manner of recording would be most appropriate for Dr. Artega's study and why?

Question 43

Describe why bribery is a common parental disciplinary tactic when others were in the parents' presence compared with when there are fewer people around.

Question 44

Tony and Rebecca are new lab assistants in Dr. Lee's sleep research lab. Dr. Lee has asked Tony and Rebecca to develop a new study that will focus on observing sleep patterns in children and sleep patterns in canines. Both Tony and Rebecca will need to train other lab assistants on their research protocol. What important aspects of their research design should Tony and Rebecca consider?

Question 45

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Gueguen, N. (2015). High heels increase women's attractiveness. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(8), 2227-2235.
Do high heels make women attractive?
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the height of the heels of a woman's shoe affected their perceived attractiveness. To that end, the researchers conducted four studies using female confederates who wore shoes with a heel height of 0, 5 or 9 cm. In the first study, the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on gender equality to male volunteers. In the second study, the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on food habits to male volunteers. The third study examined how likely men in study 1 and study 2 were likely to help women based on their shoe type. Specifically, female confederates posing as laboratory assistants dropped a latex glove while the men waited to participate in the study 1 and study 2 surveys. The confederates recorded whether men picked up the dropped glove. In the fourth study, a female confederate sat alone at a table in the university library and the researchers measured the amount of time it took the men to approach her. The results of the study revealed that men were affected by the confederate's shoe heel height; the higher the heel, the more likely men were to help the confederate. Almost all of the men picked up the confederate's glove in the high-heel condition compared with the mid-heel and flat condition. The time-to-approach dropped in half when the confederate was wearing high heels rather than no heels.
(Scenario I) Why might the researchers have had three research assistants independently but simultaneously watch the confederate in the library described in study 4 of Scenario I?

A) because research assistants are typically not experts
B) to ensure observations are blinded
C) to establish inter-observer reliability
D) because a minimum of three observers is best practice

Question 46

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Gueguen, N. (2015). High heels increase women's attractiveness. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(8), 2227-2235.
Do high heels make women attractive?
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the height of the heels of a woman's shoe affected their perceived attractiveness. To that end, the researchers conducted four studies using female confederates who wore shoes with a heel height of 0, 5 or 9 cm. In the first study, the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on gender equality to male volunteers. In the second study, the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on food habits to male volunteers. The third study examined how likely men in study 1 and study 2 were likely to help women based on their shoe type. Specifically, female confederates posing as laboratory assistants dropped a latex glove while the men waited to participate in the study 1 and study 2 surveys. The confederates recorded whether men picked up the dropped glove. In the fourth study, a female confederate sat alone at a table in the university library and the researchers measured the amount of time it took the men to approach her. The results of the study revealed that men were affected by the confederate's shoe heel height; the higher the heel, the more likely men were to help the confederate. Almost all of the men picked up the confederate's glove in the high-heel condition compared with the mid-heel and flat condition. The time-to-approach dropped in half when the confederate was wearing high heels rather than no heels.
(Scenario I) Which of the four studies described in Scenario I has the greatest degree of ecological validity?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 47

Write a brief results section for the data from a recent study examining sleep behaviors in 106 preschoolers over 9 hours: 32 (nightmares), 21 (wet the bed), 12 (slept through the night), 35 (woke up once during the night), 6 (woke up more than twice during the night).

Question 48

Distinguish between a laboratory observation and a participant observation.

Question 49

Dr. Kruse is in the process of developing a coding system for a qualitative study. Help Dr. Kruse outline a coding system for nonverbal behavior in the communication between two individuals.

Question 50

What is the appropriate statistical measure for determining reliability between two observers or raters and why.

Question 51

Develop a research question that could only be tested through means of concealment or active deception, and define what active deception is.

Question 52

Name one advantage and one disadvantage to ignoring a child's problematic behavior.

Question 53

Sang recently joined the high school soccer team. In the last six games he scored 2, 4, 2, 2, 1, and 1 goals. What is the mean, mode, and median of Sang's goals.

Question 54

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Gueguen, N. (2015). High heels increase women's attractiveness. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(8), 2227-2235.
Do high heels make women attractive?
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the height of the heels of a woman's shoe affected their perceived attractiveness. To that end, the researchers conducted four studies using female confederates who wore shoes with a heel height of 0, 5 or 9 cm. In the first study, the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on gender equality to male volunteers. In the second study, the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on food habits to male volunteers. The third study examined how likely men in study 1 and study 2 were likely to help women based on their shoe type. Specifically, female confederates posing as laboratory assistants dropped a latex glove while the men waited to participate in the study 1 and study 2 surveys. The confederates recorded whether men picked up the dropped glove. In the fourth study, a female confederate sat alone at a table in the university library and the researchers measured the amount of time it took the men to approach her. The results of the study revealed that men were affected by the confederate's shoe heel height; the higher the heel, the more likely men were to help the confederate. Almost all of the men picked up the confederate's glove in the high-heel condition compared with the mid-heel and flat condition. The time-to-approach dropped in half when the confederate was wearing high heels rather than no heels.
(Scenario I) Informed consent was likely not obtained from participants in which study described Scenario I?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 55

What is the best approach to graphing categorical results?

Question 56

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Gueguen, N. (2015). High heels increase women's attractiveness. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(8), 2227-2235.
Do high heels make women attractive?
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the height of the heels of a woman's shoe affected their perceived attractiveness. To that end, the researchers conducted four studies using female confederates who wore shoes with a heel height of 0, 5 or 9 cm. In the first study, the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on gender equality to male volunteers. In the second study, the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on food habits to male volunteers. The third study examined how likely men in study 1 and study 2 were likely to help women based on their shoe type. Specifically, female confederates posing as laboratory assistants dropped a latex glove while the men waited to participate in the study 1 and study 2 surveys. The confederates recorded whether men picked up the dropped glove. In the fourth study, a female confederate sat alone at a table in the university library and the researchers measured the amount of time it took the men to approach her. The results of the study revealed that men were affected by the confederate's shoe heel height; the higher the heel, the more likely men were to help the confederate. Almost all of the men picked up the confederate's glove in the high-heel condition compared with the mid-heel and flat condition. The time-to-approach dropped in half when the confederate was wearing high heels rather than no heels.
(Scenario I) Counting how many times a male participant picked up a female confederate's glove is an example of:

A) duration recording.
B) frequency-count recording.
C) interval recording.
D) continuous recording.

Question 57

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Gueguen, N. (2015). High heels increase women's attractiveness. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(8), 2227-2235.
Do high heels make women attractive?
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the height of the heels of a woman's shoe affected their perceived attractiveness. To that end, the researchers conducted four studies using female confederates who wore shoes with a heel height of 0, 5 or 9 cm. In the first study, the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on gender equality to male volunteers. In the second study, the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on food habits to male volunteers. The third study examined how likely men in study 1 and study 2 were likely to help women based on their shoe type. Specifically, female confederates posing as laboratory assistants dropped a latex glove while the men waited to participate in the study 1 and study 2 surveys. The confederates recorded whether men picked up the dropped glove. In the fourth study, a female confederate sat alone at a table in the university library and the researchers measured the amount of time it took the men to approach her. The results of the study revealed that men were affected by the confederate's shoe heel height; the higher the heel, the more likely men were to help the confederate. Almost all of the men picked up the confederate's glove in the high-heel condition compared with the mid-heel and flat condition. The time-to-approach dropped in half when the confederate was wearing high heels rather than no heels.
(Scenario I) The third study in Scenario I uses _____ observation.

A) participant
B) naturalistic
C) laboratory
D) confederate

Question 58

Create a research question that includes at least one categorical variable and one continuous variable and describe how each of these variables relates to your research question.

Question 59

Lynwood recently became captain of his college swim team. His swim stats were recently posted and there were some errors. He swam 42 yards, 62 yards, 70 yards, 24 yards, 33 yards, 60 yards, and 60 yards in the last seven matches. Please calculate the median number of yards swam by Lynwood.

Question 60

Joe is usually very confrontational and argumentative with peers and teachers. During his fifth-period science class he notices that the "new adult" who has been present in all of his morning classes is also present in the back of this afternoon classroom. Joe engages in fewer problematic behaviors than normal during this school day. What is this an example of?

Question 61

The deliberate infliction of pain by physical force for the purpose of discipline best describes:

A) disappointment.
B) corporal punishment.
C) time-out.
D) shaming.

Question 62

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Gravel, K., Doucet, E., Herman, C. P., Pomerleau, S., Bourlaud, A. & Provencher, V. (2012). "Healthy" "diet,'' or ''hedonic". How nutrition claims affect food-related perceptions and intake? Appetite, 59(3), 887-884.
Do Nutrition Claims Affect Food Perception and Food Intake?
The purpose of this study was to examine whether marketing may alter a person's perception. To that end, 164 men and 188 women participated in a study during which they tasted and rated oatmeal-raisin cookies. Even though the cookies were the same in all treatment conditions, the way in which they were described to the participants varied so that some participants were told they were high in fiber (healthy condition), some were told they were satisfying (diet condition), and others were told they were made of butter and brown sugar (hedonic condition). The researchers asked the participants to taste as many cookies as they needed to provide a good rating of them. After 10 minutes the plate of cookies was removed and the weight was measured to determine how many had been consumed. The number of cookies consumed provided a measure of restrained and unrestrained eaters. The researchers also asked the participants eight questions to assess their perception of the cookies. The results revealed that when they were presented as healthy, they were perceived as more healthy, when they were presented as diet food they were perceived as satisfying, and when they were presented as hedonic they were perceived as fattening and indulgent. The researchers conclude that verbal claims about food have a significant effect on one's perception of the food. With regard to their perceived capacity to cause weight gain, the cookies were seen as most fattening by restrained eaters in the hedonic condition and as least fattening by unrestrained raters in the diet condition. Although no differences were observed between restrained and unrestrained participants in the healthy and hedonic conditions, restrained participants in the diet condition perceived the cookies as more fattening than did unrestrained participants in the same condition. Moreover, regardless of condition, men ate more cookies than women. Most men consumed six cookies; most women consumed only three. These results indicate that marketing strategies can affect the way people perceive a product and that perception can be further affected by their propensity to eat.
(Scenario II) Which variable in Scenario II was a continuous variable?

A) type of eater
B) cookie description
C) number of cookies eaten
D) weight of the participant

Question 63

Sarah's mother does not communicate the reasons behind her actions, but rather uses corporal punishment or another immediate punishment to discipline Sarah. Sarah's mother most likely falls into what category of discipline?

A) nonaggressive power assertion
B) induction
C) aggressive power assertion
D) aggression power compliance

Question 64

Developing a research question to determine what a person feels, thinks, or does would be best suited for:

A) descriptive research.
B) experimental research.
C) correlational research.
D) quasi-experimental research.

Question 65

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Bandura, A., Ross, D. & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582.
[Children's imitation of adult aggressive behavior.]
In 1961 Bandura published his now famous Bobo Doll Study. The study was designed to examine whether children would exhibit aggressive behavior after observing adults behaving aggressively. Seventy-two children were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions. In the aggressive model condition the children witnessed an adult attacking a Bobo doll. In the nonaggressive model condition the children witnessed an adult playing quietly. In the control condition the children did not watch any adult models. All of the children were then taken to a room with several toys. Once they began playing with a toy they were told they could play with any toy but that one. The purpose of this was to make all of the children somewhat angry before taking them to another room which contained a variety of nonaggressive and aggressive toys, including a Bobo doll. The researchers hypothesized that children who witnessed an aggressive adult would be more inclined to behave aggressively themselves compared with children who witnessed a nonaggressive adult or no adult at all. The results supported this hypothesis. Children who observed an aggressive adult initiated significantly more aggressive acts.
(Scenario III) Each child's level of aggression was determined by counting the number of aggressive acts initiated in a 10-minute period. This is an example of:

A) duration recording.
B) frequency-count recording.
C) interval recording.
D) continuous recording.

Question 66

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Gravel, K., Doucet, E., Herman, C. P., Pomerleau, S., Bourlaud, A. & Provencher, V. (2012). "Healthy" "diet,'' or ''hedonic". How nutrition claims affect food-related perceptions and intake? Appetite, 59(3), 887-884.
Do Nutrition Claims Affect Food Perception and Food Intake?
The purpose of this study was to examine whether marketing may alter a person's perception. To that end, 164 men and 188 women participated in a study during which they tasted and rated oatmeal-raisin cookies. Even though the cookies were the same in all treatment conditions, the way in which they were described to the participants varied so that some participants were told they were high in fiber (healthy condition), some were told they were satisfying (diet condition), and others were told they were made of butter and brown sugar (hedonic condition). The researchers asked the participants to taste as many cookies as they needed to provide a good rating of them. After 10 minutes the plate of cookies was removed and the weight was measured to determine how many had been consumed. The number of cookies consumed provided a measure of restrained and unrestrained eaters. The researchers also asked the participants eight questions to assess their perception of the cookies. The results revealed that when they were presented as healthy, they were perceived as more healthy, when they were presented as diet food they were perceived as satisfying, and when they were presented as hedonic they were perceived as fattening and indulgent. The researchers conclude that verbal claims about food have a significant effect on one's perception of the food. With regard to their perceived capacity to cause weight gain, the cookies were seen as most fattening by restrained eaters in the hedonic condition and as least fattening by unrestrained raters in the diet condition. Although no differences were observed between restrained and unrestrained participants in the healthy and hedonic conditions, restrained participants in the diet condition perceived the cookies as more fattening than did unrestrained participants in the same condition. Moreover, regardless of condition, men ate more cookies than women. Most men consumed six cookies; most women consumed only three. These results indicate that marketing strategies can affect the way people perceive a product and that perception can be further affected by their propensity to eat.
(Scenario II) According to Scenario II, most women ate three cookies. This represents which measure of central tendency?

A) mean
B) median
C) mode
D) It can be represented as the mean, median, or mode.

Question 67

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Bandura, A., Ross, D. & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582.
[Children's imitation of adult aggressive behavior.]
In 1961 Bandura published his now famous Bobo Doll Study. The study was designed to examine whether children would exhibit aggressive behavior after observing adults behaving aggressively. Seventy-two children were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions. In the aggressive model condition the children witnessed an adult attacking a Bobo doll. In the nonaggressive model condition the children witnessed an adult playing quietly. In the control condition the children did not watch any adult models. All of the children were then taken to a room with several toys. Once they began playing with a toy they were told they could play with any toy but that one. The purpose of this was to make all of the children somewhat angry before taking them to another room which contained a variety of nonaggressive and aggressive toys, including a Bobo doll. The researchers hypothesized that children who witnessed an aggressive adult would be more inclined to behave aggressively themselves compared with children who witnessed a nonaggressive adult or no adult at all. The results supported this hypothesis. Children who observed an aggressive adult initiated significantly more aggressive acts.
(Scenario III) Suppose Bandura was contemplating using a survey to assess observational learning in children. The survey would be administered to parents who would respond to true-false statements such as "When I get angry my child also gets angry" and "During periods of stress my child is likely to stay calm if I remain calm." Based on your text, what would be a good argument to persuade Bandura against answering his research question in this way?

A) Bandura's research question focuses on actual behavior.
B) Parents may answer in a way that promotes social desirability which may not be accurate.
C) It is impossible for parents anticipate all potential future situations and know how they would respond to them.
D) All of the above arguments may be used.

Question 68

When a parent communicates the rationale for a rule and the subsequent consequences of the child's actions, the parent is most likely using what form of discipline?

A) nonaggressive power assertion
B) induction
C) aggressive power assertion
D) aggression power compliance

Question 69

Choose which description would be best termed authoritative parenting.

A) Samantha's parents are warm and affectionate, but have high expectations for Samantha.
B) Tony's parents are warm and affectionate, but have very few, if any, expectations for Tony.
C) Sylvia's parents are neither warm nor affectionate and have very few, if any, expectations for Sylvia.
D) Taylor's parents are not warm and affectionate, but have very high expectations for Taylor.

Question 70

When devising your research question, it is important to have clear:

A) differentiation of authorship.
B) conceptual definitions of terms.
C) designation of duties of lab assistants.
D) grant funding.

Question 71

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Bandura, A., Ross, D. & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582.
[Children's imitation of adult aggressive behavior.]
In 1961 Bandura published his now famous Bobo Doll Study. The study was designed to examine whether children would exhibit aggressive behavior after observing adults behaving aggressively. Seventy-two children were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions. In the aggressive model condition the children witnessed an adult attacking a Bobo doll. In the nonaggressive model condition the children witnessed an adult playing quietly. In the control condition the children did not watch any adult models. All of the children were then taken to a room with several toys. Once they began playing with a toy they were told they could play with any toy but that one. The purpose of this was to make all of the children somewhat angry before taking them to another room which contained a variety of nonaggressive and aggressive toys, including a Bobo doll. The researchers hypothesized that children who witnessed an aggressive adult would be more inclined to behave aggressively themselves compared with children who witnessed a nonaggressive adult or no adult at all. The results supported this hypothesis. Children who observed an aggressive adult initiated significantly more aggressive acts.
(Scenario III) Perhaps the inspiration for Bandura's study occurred when he was picking up his daughter from daycare and observed children behaving very aggressively. As a result, he began a systematic observation of aggression at the daycare center for one month. This type of research design answered _____, whereas the study described in Scenario III answered _____.

A) what; why
B) why; where
C) where; what
D) why; what

Question 72

(Scenario III) How externally valid would you say the Bobo Doll Study is?

A) very; laboratory studies are associated with high external validity
B) not very; laboratory studies are associated with low external validity
C) very; laboratory studies, when presented in an ecologically valid way, can increase external validity
D) not very; laboratory studies are inherently low in external validity

Question 73

Developing a research question to explore why a person feels, thinks, or behaves in a particular way is best addressed by:

A) descriptive research.
B) experimental research.
C) correlational research.
D) observational research.

Question 74

Corporal punishment results in:

A) delayed compliance.
B) less aggression.
C) lower levels of moral internalization.
D) improved parent-child relationships.

Question 75

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Gravel, K., Doucet, E., Herman, C. P., Pomerleau, S., Bourlaud, A. & Provencher, V. (2012). "Healthy" "diet,'' or ''hedonic". How nutrition claims affect food-related perceptions and intake? Appetite, 59(3), 887-884.
Do Nutrition Claims Affect Food Perception and Food Intake?
The purpose of this study was to examine whether marketing may alter a person's perception. To that end, 164 men and 188 women participated in a study during which they tasted and rated oatmeal-raisin cookies. Even though the cookies were the same in all treatment conditions, the way in which they were described to the participants varied so that some participants were told they were high in fiber (healthy condition), some were told they were satisfying (diet condition), and others were told they were made of butter and brown sugar (hedonic condition). The researchers asked the participants to taste as many cookies as they needed to provide a good rating of them. After 10 minutes the plate of cookies was removed and the weight was measured to determine how many had been consumed. The number of cookies consumed provided a measure of restrained and unrestrained eaters. The researchers also asked the participants eight questions to assess their perception of the cookies. The results revealed that when they were presented as healthy, they were perceived as more healthy, when they were presented as diet food they were perceived as satisfying, and when they were presented as hedonic they were perceived as fattening and indulgent. The researchers conclude that verbal claims about food have a significant effect on one's perception of the food. With regard to their perceived capacity to cause weight gain, the cookies were seen as most fattening by restrained eaters in the hedonic condition and as least fattening by unrestrained raters in the diet condition. Although no differences were observed between restrained and unrestrained participants in the healthy and hedonic conditions, restrained participants in the diet condition perceived the cookies as more fattening than did unrestrained participants in the same condition. Moreover, regardless of condition, men ate more cookies than women. Most men consumed six cookies; most women consumed only three. These results indicate that marketing strategies can affect the way people perceive a product and that perception can be further affected by their propensity to eat.
(Scenario II) The treatment condition in Scenario II is a:

A) continuous variable.
B) categorical variable.
C) connecting variable.
D) contiguous variable.

Question 76

Gershoff and colleagues (2010) found that:

A) the implementation of corporal punishment was significantly related to less anxiety.
B) the implementation of time-out was significantly related to less anxiety.
C) the expression of disappointment was not significantly related to child aggression.
D) the implementation of corporal punishment was significantly related to greater anxiety.

Question 77

Which describes the common and accepted practice of conceptually defining terms for research?

A) making up new definitions not based on the literature
B) not checking literature for existing definitions
C) using previously existing definitions from the literature
D) developing a vague and broad definition of terms

Question 78

Corporal punishment results in:

A) immediate compliance.
B) less aggression.
C) higher levels of moral internalization.
D) improved parent-child relationships.

Question 79

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Gravel, K., Doucet, E., Herman, C. P., Pomerleau, S., Bourlaud, A. & Provencher, V. (2012). "Healthy" "diet,'' or ''hedonic". How nutrition claims affect food-related perceptions and intake? Appetite, 59(3), 887-884.
Do Nutrition Claims Affect Food Perception and Food Intake?
The purpose of this study was to examine whether marketing may alter a person's perception. To that end, 164 men and 188 women participated in a study during which they tasted and rated oatmeal-raisin cookies. Even though the cookies were the same in all treatment conditions, the way in which they were described to the participants varied so that some participants were told they were high in fiber (healthy condition), some were told they were satisfying (diet condition), and others were told they were made of butter and brown sugar (hedonic condition). The researchers asked the participants to taste as many cookies as they needed to provide a good rating of them. After 10 minutes the plate of cookies was removed and the weight was measured to determine how many had been consumed. The number of cookies consumed provided a measure of restrained and unrestrained eaters. The researchers also asked the participants eight questions to assess their perception of the cookies. The results revealed that when they were presented as healthy, they were perceived as more healthy, when they were presented as diet food they were perceived as satisfying, and when they were presented as hedonic they were perceived as fattening and indulgent. The researchers conclude that verbal claims about food have a significant effect on one's perception of the food. With regard to their perceived capacity to cause weight gain, the cookies were seen as most fattening by restrained eaters in the hedonic condition and as least fattening by unrestrained raters in the diet condition. Although no differences were observed between restrained and unrestrained participants in the healthy and hedonic conditions, restrained participants in the diet condition perceived the cookies as more fattening than did unrestrained participants in the same condition. Moreover, regardless of condition, men ate more cookies than women. Most men consumed six cookies; most women consumed only three. These results indicate that marketing strategies can affect the way people perceive a product and that perception can be further affected by their propensity to eat.
(Scenario II) The study in Scenario II is best described as a(n):

A) laboratory observation.
B) participant observation.
C) naturalistic observation.
D) external observation.

Question 80

In the study examining parental discipline practices associations with child behaviors in an international sample, the results indicated that:

A) the implementation of corporal punishment was significantly related to less anxiety.
B) the implementation of time-out was significant related to less anxiety.
C) the implementation of time-out was significantly related to greater anxiety.
D) the implementation of corporal punishment was significant related to less anxiety.