Exam 6: Observational Research: the Many Forms of Discipline in Parents Bag of Tricks

Dr. Poppins wanted to study adolescents' reaction to disappointment. At the beginning of a local concert, Dr. Poppins had the announcer broadcast that the musicians would be available immediately following the concert for autographs and photographs. At the end of the concert all of the youth crowded into the autograph area. The announcer then stated that the musicians had to leave unexpectedly and would be unable to stay. Trained observers were planted throughout the arena recording the attendees' reactions to the news. The best description for this would be a(n):

Blind observations mean that trained observers do not know:

When devising your research question, it is important to have clear:

Dr. Flores studies primate behavior during the day and at night. She spends a 24-hour period observing and coding all of the primate's behaviors in the captivity habitat. This would be an example of:

Tony and Rebecca are new lab assistants in Dr. Lee's sleep research lab. Dr. Lee has asked Tony and Rebecca to develop a new study that will focus on observing sleep patterns in children and sleep patterns in canines. Both Tony and Rebecca will need to train other lab assistants on their research protocol. What important aspects of their research design should Tony and Rebecca consider?

Use the following to answer questions Scenario I Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Gueguen, N. (2015). High heels increase women's attractiveness. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(8), 2227-2235. Do high heels make women attractive? The purpose of this study was to determine whether the height of the heels of a woman's shoe affected their perceived attractiveness. To that end, the researchers conducted four studies using female confederates who wore shoes with a heel height of 0, 5 or 9 cm. In the first study, the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on gender equality to male volunteers. In the second study, the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on food habits to male volunteers. The third study examined how likely men in study 1 and study 2 were likely to help women based on their shoe type. Specifically, female confederates posing as laboratory assistants dropped a latex glove while the men waited to participate in the study 1 and study 2 surveys. The confederates recorded whether men picked up the dropped glove. In the fourth study, a female confederate sat alone at a table in the university library and the researchers measured the amount of time it took the men to approach her. The results of the study revealed that men were affected by the confederate's shoe heel height; the higher the heel, the more likely men were to help the confederate. Almost all of the men picked up the confederate's glove in the high-heel condition compared with the mid-heel and flat condition. The time-to-approach dropped in half when the confederate was wearing high heels rather than no heels. -(Scenario I) Why might the researchers have had three research assistants independently but simultaneously watch the confederate in the library described in study 4 of Scenario I?

Research suggests that a value of _____ or higher indicates high inter-observer reliability.

Create a research question that includes at least one categorical variable and one continuous variable and describe how each of these variables relates to your research question.

Use the following to answer questions Scenario II Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Gravel, K., Doucet, E., Herman, C. P., Pomerleau, S., Bourlaud, A. & Provencher, V. (2012). "Healthy" "diet,'' or ''hedonic". How nutrition claims affect food-related perceptions and intake? Appetite, 59(3), 887-884. Do Nutrition Claims Affect Food Perception and Food Intake? The purpose of this study was to examine whether marketing may alter a person's perception. To that end, 164 men and 188 women participated in a study during which they tasted and rated oatmeal-raisin cookies. Even though the cookies were the same in all treatment conditions, the way in which they were described to the participants varied so that some participants were told they were high in fiber (healthy condition), some were told they were satisfying (diet condition), and others were told they were made of butter and brown sugar (hedonic condition). The researchers asked the participants to taste as many cookies as they needed to provide a good rating of them. After 10 minutes the plate of cookies was removed and the weight was measured to determine how many had been consumed. The number of cookies consumed provided a measure of restrained and unrestrained eaters. The researchers also asked the participants eight questions to assess their perception of the cookies. The results revealed that when they were presented as healthy, they were perceived as more healthy, when they were presented as diet food they were perceived as satisfying, and when they were presented as hedonic they were perceived as fattening and indulgent. The researchers conclude that verbal claims about food have a significant effect on one's perception of the food. With regard to their perceived capacity to cause weight gain, the cookies were seen as most fattening by restrained eaters in the hedonic condition and as least fattening by unrestrained raters in the diet condition. Although no differences were observed between restrained and unrestrained participants in the healthy and hedonic conditions, restrained participants in the diet condition perceived the cookies as more fattening than did unrestrained participants in the same condition. Moreover, regardless of condition, men ate more cookies than women. Most men consumed six cookies; most women consumed only three. These results indicate that marketing strategies can affect the way people perceive a product and that perception can be further affected by their propensity to eat. -(Scenario II) The study in Scenario II is best described as a(n):

Dr. Daneker has been reading through the last 10 years of literature on the topic of veterans, mental health, and deployments to develop a representative and accurate list of terms and to make sure she is appropriately and clearly describing her study variables in her upcoming research study. Dr. Daneker was:

A study in which an observer must make accurate decisions as to the relationship an individual has with another person (e.g., friend, parent, sibling, romantic partner) without being able to question the individuals being observed would rely heavily on:

Lynwood recently became captain of his college swim team. His swim stats were recently posted and there were some errors. He swam 42 yards, 62 yards, 70 yards, 24 yards, 33 yards, 60 yards, and 60 yards in the last seven matches. Please calculate the median number of yards swam by Lynwood.

A trial run used to assess and refine the design, methods, and instruments for a study is called:

Which of the following is the symbol for median?

Inter-observer reliability calculations can range from:

Olive has been tracking her progress in training for a triathlon. Here is the list of the miles she ran for the last 15 days: 2, 1, 6, 5, 8, 9, 2, 4, 7, 6, 6, 8, 9, 2, 2. The median for this set of data would be:

Develop a research question that could only be tested through means of concealment or active deception, and define what active deception is.

Dr. Yanira is an education specialist and has begun observing various schools throughout the county. Dr. Yanira randomly selected a private school in the area with the highest per-capita income to be her first school observation. She decided to base her request for budget, school supplies, school lunches, among many other things on that single observation. What is the main issue with her results from that single observation?

Gwen wants to make sure her experiment's findings can be generalized beyond the sample. Gwen is referring to:

Dr. Forrester wants to understand why children scream louder and engage in more problem behaviors after being told "No" by their parents. Dr. Forrester believes that it may have something to do with discipline consistency. What type of research design would be most applicable to Dr. Forrester's research question?