Deck 13: Health-Related and Substance-Use Disorders

Question 1

 Sleep deprivation impairs functioning of the ____.

A) endocrine system
B) prefrontal cortex
C) occipital lobe
D) left temporal lobe

Answer 1

prefrontal cortex

Question 2

 Sleep produces an "uncoupling" of neurobehavioral systems, providing the ____ with a break.

A) central nervous system
B) sympathetic nervous system
C) peripheral nervous system
D) parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 2

central nervous system

Question 3

 Which dyssomnia is least common in children?

A) Protodyssomnia
B) Hypersomnia
C) Breathing-related sleep disorder
D) Narcolepsy

Answer 3

Narcolepsy

Question 4

 Nightmares usually occur ____.

A) during the first half of the sleep cycle
B) during the second half of the sleep cycle
C) at the very beginning and the very end of the sleep cycle
D) at variable times throughout the sleep cycle

Question 5

 Up until the age of ____, children spend more time asleep than in waking activities.

A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 2 years
D) 5 years

Question 6

 A dyssomnia in childhood that is either uncommon or underdiagnosed is ____.

A) protodyssomnia
B) hypersomnia
C) breathing-related sleep disorder
D) narcolepsy

Question 7

 A child with insomnia disorder has ____.

A) difficulty falling asleep and maintaining sleep
B) recurrent nightmares
C) excessive sleepiness
D) sleep-related breathing problems

Question 8

 NREM sleep disorders are characterized by ____.

A) easily and constantly aroused from sleep
B) vivid memories of episodes
C) disorientation and difficulty with arousal
D) continuous insomnia

Question 9

 In the early 1900s, children with enuresis were considered ____.

A) evil
B) medically compromised
C) behaviorally disturbed
D) willful and defiant

Question 10

 Excessive sleepiness that is displayed as either prolonged sleep episodes or daytime sleep episodes is known as ____.

A) insomnia
B) narcolepsy
C) hypersomnolence disorder
D) circadian rhythm sleep disorder

Question 11

 Insomnia is most common among ____.

A) toddlers
B) preschoolers
C) younger school-aged children
D) adolescents and adults

Question 12

 By the age of ____, the brain has reached 90% of its adult size.

A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 2 years
D) 5 years

Question 13

 Which statement about enuresis is true?

A) A child must be 3 years of age (or developmental equivalent) to receive the diagnosis.
B) Secondary enuresis is more common than secondary enuresis.
C) Nocturnal enuresis cannot exist in combination with diurnal enuresis.
D) More girls than boys are diagnosed with diurnal enuresis.

Question 14

 ____ is the primary activity of the brain during the early years.

A) Growth
B) Learning
C) Sleep
D) Development of language

Question 15

 ____ occurs during early to mid-childhood and includes nightmares, sleep terrors, and sleepwalking.

A) Parasomnia
B) Narcolepsy
C) Dyssomnia
D) Hypersomnia

Question 16

 Behavioral intervention for sleeping problems involves ____.

A) sleep medicine
B) exercise
C) positive reinforcement
D) removal of adenoids

Question 17

 Night-waking problems are most common among ____.

A) infants and toddlers
B) preschoolers
C) younger school-aged children
D) adolescents and adults

Question 18

 Which of the following statements about sleep problems is NOT true?

A) Infants and toddlers have less night-waking problems.
B) Preschoolers have more falling-asleep problems.
C) Younger school-age children have more going-to-bed problems.
D) Adults have trouble finding enough time to sleep.

Question 19

 Which statement best describes the relationship between sleep problems and psychological adjustment?

A) Sleep problems may cause emotional and behavioral problems among children and adolescents.
B) Psychological problems are unrelated to sleep problems.
C) Sleep problems may arise from some underlying factor that is specific to biological causes.
D) Psychological problems are not worsened by sleep problems.

Question 20

 Chronotherapy is a treatment for ____.

A) circadian rhythm sleep disorder
B) hypersomnia
C) narcolepsy
D) protodyssomnia

Question 21

 Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting good regimen adherence in children with diabetes?

A) Correct knowledge of diabetes and its treatment
B) Family intelligence
C) The belief that adherence is important
D) Adequate problem-solving skills

Question 22

 The most common chronic illness in childhood is ____.

A) asthma
B) diabetes mellitus
C) cystic fibrosis
D) leukemia

Question 23

 Children with forms of recurrent unexplained pain are more likely to ____ than children whose pain is due to organic causes.

A) be younger and female
B) have lower intellectual abilities
C) identify someone in their family who often expresses pain
D) have family members with organic issues

Question 24

 Which statement about encopresis is true?

A) Encopresis is more common in girls than boys.
B) Up to 3% of 5-year-old children are estimated to have encopresis.
C) Encopresis usually results from defiance.
D) Encopresis may be associated with abnormal defecation dynamics.

Question 25

 Behavioral intervention can help children with diabetes and their families by ____.

A) inhibiting physical symptoms
B) promoting parent accountability
C) teaching self-control and monitoring methods
D) providing distractions

Question 26

 Optimal treatment for encopresis involves ____.

A) medical interventions and therapy to address underlying psychological disturbances
B) behavioral and medical interventions
C) therapy to address underlying psychological disturbances and behavioral interventions
D) behavioral interventions alone

Question 27

 Somatic symptom and related disorders are best described as ____.

A) medical conditions that are exacerbated by stress
B) physical symptoms of a medical condition without organic evidence
C) the conscious feigning of an illness for attention or secondary gain
D) disorders of elimination (enuresis and encopresis)

Question 28

 Which statement best describes children's experience and expression of pain?

A) Because their nervous systems are incomplete, infants do not fully experience pain.
B) Girls have a lower pain threshold than boys.
C) Children have a higher pain threshold than adults.
D) Children and adults experience pain similarly.

Question 29

 A child with diabetes who is subsequently depressed would be best diagnosed with ____.

A) a somatoform disorder
B) dysthymia
C) an adjustment disorder
D) psychological factors affecting physical condition

Question 30

 Which of the following is NOT true regarding differences between boys and girls with chronic illnesses?

A) Girls show more symptoms of pain and anxiety than boys do.
B) Girls are more likely to cling, cry, and seek emotional support.
C) Excessive somatic complaints are associated with emotional disorders in boys.
D) Boys show more symptoms of sensitivity to pain.

Question 31

 Which statement about childhood cancer is true?

A) The onset of cancer in children is slower than in adults.
B) Children are often at a more advanced stage of cancer when they are first diagnosed than are adults.
C) The rarest form of childhood cancer is acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
D) Childhood cancer remains almost 100% fatal.

Question 32

 Full-spectrum home training for enuresis is a combination of ____.

A) punishment and positive reinforcement
B) medication and positive reinforcement
C) dry bed training and a urine alarm
D) a urine alarm and medication

Question 33

 Children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus must monitor their insulin levels carefully because too little insulin can result in ____, and too much insulin can result in ____.

A) hypoglycemia; diabetic coma
B) blindness; diabetic coma
C) diabetic coma; hypoglycemia
D) hypoglycemia; blindness

Question 34

 By far, the most common of these chronic illnesses in U.S. children is ____________.

A) asthma
B) cancers and tumors
C) diabetes mellitus
D) sickle-cell anemia

Question 35

 To keep individuals from urinating at night, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) serves to ____.

A) concentrate the urine during sleep hours
B) signal the reticular activating system to wake them up when they need to urinate
C) loosen the bladder walls so that they may hold more urine
D) strengthen the bladder sphincter

Question 36

 Adjustment of children with chronic illness is typically ____ than that of other children referred to mental health clinics for nonhealth-related problems.

A) worse
B) better
C) no worse or better
D) slightly worse

Question 37

 The most common form of childhood cancer is ____.

A) chronic lymphoblastic leukemia
B) acute lymphoblastic leukemia
C) acute lymphoblastic melanoma
D) nonlymphoblastic leukemia

Question 38

 To be diagnosed with a chronic illness, a child must have the illness for ____.

A) at least 1 month
B) at least 3 months
C) at least 6 months
D) at least a year

Question 39

 The most effective and long-lasting treatment for enuresis is ____.

A) desmopressin
B) imipramine
C) dry bed training
D) the urine alarm

Question 40

 ____ refers to the various forms of physical and functional consequences and limitations resulting from an illness.

A) Mortality
B) Morbidity
C) Somatization
D) Adaptation

Question 41

 About 10% of mothers and fathers suffer severe symptoms of ____ after their child is diagnosed with a chronic illness.

A) major depressive disorder
B) post-traumatic stress disorder
C) delusional disorder
D) panic disorder

Question 42

 For how long would an adolescent have to show a maladaptive pattern of substance use to be diagnosed with substance dependence?

A) 1 month
B) 3 months
C) 6 months
D) 12 months

Question 43

 Which of the following is likely to increase the risk of substance abuse?

A) Parental expectations for abstaining from alcohol
B) Parental overinvolvement
C) Inconsistent parenting and poor monitoring
D) Knowledge about the risks of substance abuse

Question 44

 Which of the following has not been linked to parental adaptation in families where a child suffers from a chronic illness?

A) A sense of self-efficacy
B) Cohesive family relationships
C) Effective use of denial as a coping strategy
D) Perceived social support

Question 45

 Which of the following would most likely be used as treatment for an adolescent diagnosed with an SUD?

A) Cognitive therapy
B) Multisystemic therapy
C) Peer therapy
D) Psychoanalytic therapy

Question 46

 According to 2016 data, about what percentage of eighth graders report that they have used alcohol over the past year?

A) Under 10%
B) 10% to 15%
C) 15% to 20%
D) Over 20%

Question 47

 In a longitudinal study of children with cancer, adolescents were perceived by their teachers as more ____.

A) sociable
B) likely to be leaders
C) socially isolated
D) chronically depressed

Question 48

 The most commonly used drug in the United States is ___________.

A) marijuana
B) alcohol
C) cocaine
D) heroin

Question 49

 Which of the following is NOT a common dimension that varies among the different parameters of chronic illnesses?

A) It has a stable or improving prognosis.
B) It involves a physical deformity.
C) It is severe and life threatening.
D) It requires intrusive or painful procedures.

Question 50

 Which of the following poses the greatest health hazard to most people in the United States?

A) Heroin
B) Codeine
C) Caffeine
D) Cigarettes

Question 51

 One of the most important correlates of adjustment of children with chronic illness is ____.

A) parental adjustment
B) the type of illness
C) healthy peer relationships
D) premorbid adjustment

Question 52

 Which statement regarding substance use/abuse differences between adolescents and adults is true?

A) Adolescents drink more often and in larger amounts.
B) Adolescents are more likely to show cognitive and affective features associated with substance use and/or withdrawal.
C) Adolescents' physiological dependence is less common than those among adults.
D) Adolescents do not experience withdrawal.

Question 53

 Which parental behavior would help a child cope most effectively with a painful medical procedure?

A) Crying
B) Reassuring
C) Criticizing
D) Distracting

Question 54

 Research suggests that children cope best with painful medical procedures when ____.

A) they are given an anesthetic
B) the procedure is explained first
C) they are given little information about the procedure beforehand
D) their mothers are not in the room when the procedure is being conducted

Question 55

 Across all medical conditions, the illness parameters that play the most significant role in children's adjustment are ____.

A) visibility to others, presence of physical deformity, and severity
B) intrusiveness and painfulness of treatments, visibility to others, and prognosis
C) presence of physical deformity, severity, and functional status
D) severity of illness and functional impairment

Question 56

 Based on ethnicity, ____ students have the highest rate of illicit drug use.

A) American Indian/Alaska Native
B) African American
C) Hispanic
D) Asian

Question 57

 Which statement regarding the course of adolescent SUDs is true?

A) Rates of substance abuse do not peak until after adulthood.
B) Substance abuse is not harmful in adolescence unless it continues in adulthood.
C) Experimentation with substances is common among teenagers.
D) Age of first use is not considered a risk factor.

Question 58

 Which of the following personality characteristics has the clearest link to adolescent substance use?

A) Hyperactive
B) Defiance
C) Distrust
D) Sensation seeking

Question 59

 For children with chronic illnesses, the illness parameters that play the most significant role in adjustment include all of the following EXCEPT ____.

A) severity of the illness
B) their verbal and nonverbal abilities
C) their prognosis
D) their functional status

Question 60

 In general, what can we conclude about the adjustment of children with chronic illnesses?

A) Most can be diagnosed with a major depressive disorder.
B) Most can be diagnosed with a major anxiety disorder.
C) Their illnesses are in part caused by psychological problems.
D) By and large, most adapt successfully and the incidence of DSM-5 diagnoses is quite low.

Question 61

 Distinguish between dyssomnias and parasomnias.

Question 62

 Explain how behavioral conditioning methods can be used to treat enuresis.

Question 63

 Discuss how symptoms of sleep disturbances can appear similar to diagnosable disorders, such as ADHD.

Question 64

 Define and give an example of psychological dependence and physical dependence.

Question 65

 What is the nature of the relationship between sleep problems and psychological adjustment?

Question 66

 Discuss the transactional stress and coping model (for chronic childhood illness) as proposed by Thompson and colleagues.

Question 67

 What are some of the most important correlates of adjustment of children to chronic illness?

Question 68

 Identify and describe the leading causes of adolescent substance use.

Question 69

 Distinguish between nightmares and sleep terrors.

Question 70

 Give an example of a substance abuse prevention program and explain its goals.

Question 71

 Why do children spend much of their early developmental years asleep?

Question 72

 Explain how diabetes impacts children, especially adolescents.

Question 73

 Explain how a diagnosis of cancer can affect a child.

Question 74

 Michelle has recently been diagnosed with childhood cancer. Understandably, her parents are concerned about her well-being and want to know how they can best help Michelle to cope with the painful procedures she will have to endure. What advice and suggestions would you make to Michelle's parents?

Question 75

 What kind of a treatment program would you suggest for an adolescent diagnosed with a SUD?