Deck 22: Development and Aging

Question 1

Morphogenesis is

A)the total life cycle of any animal.
B)a process by which tissues are shaped into organs.
C)the mechanism by which gametes are formed.
D)a study of the beginning and ending of life.
E)the study of aging.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A failure of the cells in the ectoderm to differentiate correctly would most affect which of the following body systems?

A)nervous system
B)cardiovascular system
C)urinary system
D)digestive system
E)urinary system

Answer 2

A

Question 3

During the formation of an embryo,a hollow sphere of cells with a fluid-filled cavity inside is termed a

A)morula.
B)blastula.
C)blastocoel.
D)gastrula.
E)neurula.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What of the following would NOT be a method that would prevent one species' sperm from fertilizing another species' egg?

A)The chemical and other behavioral cues for mating are unlikely to lead to insemination by a male of another species.
B)The reactions between the sperm acrosome and the surface of the egg are generally species-specific.
C)Any successful fertilization would require a successful match of chromosomes and genes to produce a viable zygote.
D)The chemical elements of the layers of the egg match the chemical elements of the sperm acrosome.
E)The joining of two differing sets of chromosomes does not provide the proper genetic information for the development of an embryo.

Question 5

A fertilized egg undergoes cell division without further growth in the process called

A)cleavage.
B)gastrulation.
C)differentiation.
D)morphogenesis.
E)embryology.

Question 6

How does a sperm penetrate an egg?

A)Enzymes in the acrosome dissolve the zona pellucida.
B)The sperm melts its way inside,using the nucleic acids in its DNA.
C)The forward pressure of the flagellum forces it through the plasma membrane.
D)Spermatids are wedge-shaped and are chemically attracted to the inside cytoplasm of the egg cell.
E)The haploid sets of chromosomes match across the membrane and this triggers the membrane to dissolve.

Question 7

The ______ is a dorsal supporting rod present in the early embryonic development of the vertebrates.

A)neural plate
B)neural tube
C)notochord
D)neurula
E)vertebral column

Question 8

The neural tube of vertebrates develops during morphogenesis of the nervous system by the

A)folding of ectoderm tissue.
B)migration of mesoderm cells.
C)fusion of ectoderm and mesoderm.
D)contraction of the endoderm away from the mesoderm.
E)extension of endoderm into a thin spinal column.

Question 9

Which system below develops first in the embryo?

A)reproductive
B)circulatory
C)excretory
D)respiratory
E)nervous

Question 10

Another term for programmed cell death is

A)morphogenesis.
B)apoptosis.
C)pattern formation.
D)cellular differentiation.
E)mitosis.

Question 11

Generally only one sperm fertilizes an egg because

A)sperm compete against one another before entering and only the most fit one is accepted.
B)sperm are so few that two are unlikely to arrive at the same time.
C)one small entry hole called the blastopore allows only one sperm to fit through and then seals.
D)many sperm enter but only one set of chromosomes can fuse with the egg nucleus; the other sperm are absorbed.
E)when the first sperm fuses with the egg membrane,it causes the membrane to depolarize and also separates the fertilization membrane and this gap forms a barrier to any other sperm.

Question 12

During gastrulation in vertebrates,the pore created by invagination will become the

A)brain.
B)heart.
C)mouth.
D)anus.
E)ear.

Question 13

Which of the following describes the process in which cells become specialized in structure and function?

A)development
B)pattern formation
C)cellular differentiation
D)morphogenesis
E)embryology

Question 14

Which of these is not associated with development?

A)Cells divide and get larger.
B)Cells become specialized in structure and function.
C)Body parts are shaped and patterned into a specific form.
D)One cell eventually becomes four sperm.
E)Tissues and organs become arranged in the body.

Question 15

Which one of the following is NOT derived from endoderm?

A)gut lining
B)hormonal glands
C)lungs
D)bones
E)bladder lining

Question 16

The blastocoel is formed during the _____ stage of development.

A)morula
B)blastula
C)gastrula
D)zygote
E)neurula

Question 17

The cardiovascular and urinary systems form from the _______ layer.

A)endoderm
B)ectoderm
C)mesoderm
D)blastoderm
E)gastroderm

Question 18

The egg from a ___ has been observed to form a gray crescent after fertilization.

A)fish
B)frog
C)reptile
D)chicken
E)human

Question 19

Which of the following develop from the germ layer called the ectoderm?

A)skin and nervous system
B)muscles and blood
C)gut and pancreas
D)nervous system and muscles
E)reproductive and urinary

Question 20

The last tissue layer to be formed during gastrulation is the

A)endoderm.
B)ectoderm.
C)mesoderm.
D)gastroderm.
E)epiderm.

Question 21

Implantation occurs during the

A)fertilization.
B)first week.
C)second week.
D)second month.
E)fourth month.

Question 22

The process in which neighboring cells influence the development of each other,either by direct contact or by production of chemical signals,is

A)neurulation.
B)gastrulation.
C)induction.
D)cytoplasmic segregation.
E)homeotic pattern formation.

Question 23

Which statement is NOT true about homeotic genes?

A)Each homeotic gene has a variable region and a sequence called the homeobox that is very similar in all such genes.
B)They have been found in almost all eukaryotic organisms.
C)They are master genes that control all other genes in the organism.
D)They are sequentially arranged on the chromosome in the same sequence they are activated during development of the embryo in Drosophila.
E)All homeotic genes are thought to be derived from an original DNA sequence that has been highly conserved in evolution because of its importance to animal evolution.

Question 24

The sac that surrounds the fetus and usually ruptures just before childbirth is the

A)gastrula.
B)allantois.
C)yolk sac.
D)amnion.
E)archenteron.

Question 25

A homeotic gene codes for a(n)____ protein,a sequence of 60 amino acids,sets of which determine the genes to be turned on during development.

A)induction
B)morphogenesis
C)growth
D)regulatory
E)homeodomain

Question 26

A pregnancy test is based on the production of ___ by the ____.

A)FSH; anterior pituitary
B)estrogen; ovary
C)progesterone; corpus luteum
D)hCG; trophoblast
E)GnRH; hypothalamus

Question 27

Genes that determine how segments develop during morphogenesis are termed ____ genes.

A)induction
B)cleavage
C)differentiation
D)homeotic
E)home alone

Question 28

The allantoic blood vessels

A)are analogous to the umbilical blood vessels in humans.
B)are a structure composed of two germ layers.
C)lie next to the shell in chicks.
D)have the same function in chicks as humans.
E)become the chorionic villi.

Question 29

The _____ develops into the fetal portion of the placenta.

A)amnion
B)archenteron
C)chorion
D)yolk sac
E)allantois

Question 30

______ is the parceling out of maternal determinants as mitosis occurs in embryonic cells.

A)Homeostasis
B)Induction
C)Morphogenesis
D)Cytoplasmic segregation
E)Aging

Question 31

The _____ is responsible for gas exchange in the egg of a chicken.

A)yolk sac
B)amnion
C)embryo
D)umbilical cord
E)chorion

Question 32

The _______ provides nourishment for the embryo during chick development.

A)umbilical cord
B)allantois
C)yolk sac
D)embryo
E)chorion

Question 33

In experiments with the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans,researchers were able to trace the development of the generalized zygote into the specialized cells of the adult roundworm,a schematic that formed a(n)

A)homeobox.
B)pattern formation.
C)cytoplasmic segregation.
D)induction.
E)fate map.

Question 34

In human development,the ______ is the site of early blood cell formation for the fetus.

A)umbilical cord
B)placenta
C)amniotic fluid
D)yolk sac
E)allantois

Question 35

Which part of the blastocyst will develop into the human embryo?

A)archenteron
B)blastopore
C)chorion
D)trophoblast
E)inner cell mass

Question 36

The human blastocyst

A)gives rise to umbilical blood vessels.
B)contains a fluid-filled central cavity.
C)is the expanded end of the gastrula.
D)has three germ layers.
E)is the fertilized egg.

Question 37

The presence of the same homeotic genes in a wide range of organisms for producing set patterns is an indication that

A)evolution solved certain developmental problems just once.
B)all organisms are composed of exactly the same proteins.
C)the same homeotic mutations are likely to appear in all organisms.
D)essentially we can complete the genome mapping of all animals in a short time.
E)structures remain fairly constant,but regulation of animal development varies widely across the kingdom.

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT correct?

A)Embryonic cells are totipotent.
B)Differentiation is due to parceling out of genes into various embryonic cells.
C)The contents of the cytoplasm of an egg are not distributed uniformly.
D)If an egg from a frog divides without receiving the gray crescent,it will not become a tadpole.
E)Differentiation is influenced by chemical signals given off by neighboring cells.

Question 39

Researchers have discovered _____ that determine the pattern of an animal and its individual parts.

A)embryonic signposts
B)morphogen genes
C)cytoplasmic segregation routes
D)induction genes
E)fate maps

Question 40

The formation of the lens of the vertebrate eye from a skin layer in contact with an outgrowth of the embryonic brain is an example of

A)cellular aggregation.
B)induction.
C)morphogenesis.
D)gastrulation.
E)neurulation.

Question 41

The placenta develops from

A)fetal membranes only.
B)maternal tissue only.
C)both fetal and maternal tissue.
D)separate polar bodies that develop just the placental tissues.
E)from the yolk sac.

Question 42

Which association is incorrect?

A)chorion-gas exchange
B)amnion-blood vessels
C)allantois-waste storage
D)yolk sac-food storage
E)yolk-nourishment

Question 43

The sex of the fetus can be first determined in the ______ month of development.

A)first
B)second
C)third or fourth
D)six or seventh
E)eighth or ninth

Question 44

The ______ in fetal circulation allows blood from the right atrium to directly enter the left atrium.

A)umbilical cord
B)arterial duct
C)foramen ovale
D)venous duct
E)right ventricle

Question 45

Which statement is NOT correct about the placenta?

A)Oxygenated blood flows to the fetus via the umbilical vein.
B)Fetal blood flows to the placenta via the umbilical artery.
C)Oxygen and nutrients go to the fetus from the maternal circulatory system.
D)Maternal and fetal blood mix with each other.
E)The placenta produces progesterone and estrogen.

Question 46

The hormone ____ from the ____ causes mammary lobules in the breast to contract,causing milk to flow.

A)prolactin; hypothalamus
B)prolactin; anterior pituitary
C)oxytocin; hypothalamus
D)oxytocin; anterior pituitary
E)estrogen; ovaries

Question 47

The afterbirth refers to the

A)expulsion of the placenta and membranes.
B)expulsion of the uterine lining.
C)expulsion of the amniotic membrane.
D)expulsion of the fetus.
E)period of time from birth to nursing.

Question 48

Which of the following would NOT provide evidence for a genetic basis for aging?

A)Children of short-lived parents live shorter lives than children of long-lived parents.
B)Cells only divide for a set number of divisions.
C)Cell lines become nonfunctional before their maximum number of divisions is reached.
D)Smoking and excessive alcohol intake are linked to shorter life spans.
E)Certain genes that code for antioxidant enzymes to detoxify free radicals are present in animals that live longer.

Question 49

From months 5 to 7,a fetus is covered in a fine down called

A)chorion.
B)pubescence.
C)lanugo.
D)vernosa.
E)afterbirth.

Question 50

Which of the following ducts connect the pulmonary trunk to the aorta in the fetus?

A)oval opening
B)venous duct
C)arterial duct
D)umbilical artery
E)umbilical vein

Question 51

When a baby is born,what change(s)do NOT need to occur in fetal circulation for it to survive?

A)The oval opening (foramen ovale)must close.
B)The arterial duct must close.
C)The umbilical arteries and veins close.
D)Blood must be able to pass from the right side to the left side.
E)Fetal blood must be shunted toward the lungs after tying off the umbilical cord.

Question 52

After milk production begins,it continues as long as the baby suckles,but ends otherwise.This maintenance is provided by nervous stimulation sent to the ____,which eventually causes production of ____.

A)ovaries; prolactin
B)pituitary; prolactin
C)hypothalamus; oxytocin
D)ovaries; oxytocin
E)uterus; estrogen

Question 53

Milk production is triggered in breasts following several days of ____ production by the ____.

A)prolactin; hypothalamus
B)prolactin; anterior pituitary
C)oxytocin; hypothalamus
D)oxytocin; anterior pituitary
E)estrogen; ovaries

Question 54

As we become older,the

A)skin becomes more elastic.
B)heart decreases in size.
C)blood vessels become harder.
D)production of gametes continues in both sexes.
E)liver receives increased blood flow.

Question 55

In order to provide for easier birth,a newborn baby has membranous areas of skull called

A)oval windows.
B)bursa.
C)sutures.
D)septa.
E)fontanels.

Question 56

Which of the following hormones causes the uterus to contract?

A)oxytocin
B)estrogen
C)progesterone
D)testosterone
E)prolactin

Question 57

Which of the following serves as an insulator for the embryo?

A)amniotic fluid
B)allantois
C)chorion
D)primitive streak
E)yolk sac

Question 58

Which statement is NOT true regarding aging?

A)A genetic factor is indicated when children of long-lived parents live a long time.
B)Different body processes wear out.
C)Lack of calcium in a person's diet may lead to bone loss.
D)The immune system increases in activity.
E)Some proteins become crosslinked.

Question 59

During the ____ month,the fetal heartbeat is first loud enough to be heard by a physician with a stethoscope.

A)first
B)second
C)fourth
D)sixth
E)eighth

Question 60

During which stage of labor will the cervix be dilated?

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 3
D)stage 4
E)The cervix does not need to dilate for labor.

Question 61

List and describe the major events during the three stages of birth.

Question 62

List the three embryonic germ layers and indicate a structure that forms from each.

Question 63

Which of the following is not true about age-related issues?

A)Neurons are extremely sensitive to oxygen deficiency,so loss of brain function may occur due to narrowing of the blood vessels rather than aging.
B)With age,some sensory receptors require more stimulation to function at the same level as before.
C)Strength in the muscles that control breathing may be lost,leading to breathing difficulties.
D)Osteoporosis,the loss of bone density,cannot be prevented and all women will suffer from it to some degree.
E)All of the answer choices are true.

Question 64

Which of these is not a change in the skin that occurs with aging?

A)loss of elasticity
B)loss of adipose tissue
C)loss of sweat glands
D)loss of sebaceous (oil)glands
E)All of the answer choices are changes seen in the skin with aging.

Question 65

Free radicals,unpaired electrons,can cause aging because

A)they collect in the organs and skin,forming large molecules that interfere with organ function.
B)they bond with molecules that are nearby,like DNA and proteins,causing damage to the molecule.
C)unpaired electrons pair up together and attack DNA.
D)free radicals seek to free other electrons so that all electrons are stripped from DNA.
E)they speed up metabolic processes,causing the organs to wear out faster.

Question 66

As aging occurs,changes are seen in the function of body systems.Among these changes are all but which of the following?

A)A decline in the production of hormones leads to menopause and other changes.
B)A decline in the function of the immune system leads to increases in certain diseases,like cancer.
C)An increase in cross-links between proteins leads to decreased flexibility.
D)An increase in the production of hormones leads to menopause and other changes.
E)An increase in the size of the heart muscle occurs.

Question 67

Which of the following is an advantage of breast-feeding?

A)All of the answer choices are advantages of breast-feeding.
B)Colostrum is rich in proteins and antibodies.
C)physiological benefits for the mother
D)Suckling causes uterine contractions that help reduce the uterus to its normal size.
E)Breast-feeding uses up calories that can help a woman return to her normal weight.

Question 68

Describe the six steps involved in fertilization of an egg.

Question 69

Women are less likely than men to suffer from a heart attack.This is thought to be true because

A)women have less stressful lives than men.
B)men have testosterone and women do not.
C)women have estrogen and men do not.
D)women tend to take better care of their health.
E)women have a genetic resistance that prevents them from having heart attacks.

Question 70

What role does the acrosome play in fertilization?

A)It contains enzymes that digest a pathway for the sperm through the zona pellucida.
B)It contains lipids that digest a pathway for the sperm through the zona pellucida.
C)It contains enzymes that digest a pathway for the sperm through the corona radiata.
D)It contains lipids that digest a pathway for the sperm through the corona radiata.
E)It causes the zona pellucida to become the fertilization membrane.

Question 71

The statement "a child is more closely related to its mother than to its father" is

A)not true because there is an equal contribution from both parents.
B)true because the egg contains more than just DNA and the sperm only contributes DNA.
C)not true because the egg only contributes DNA,while the sperm contributes enzymes from the acrosome and mitochondria.
D)true because the mother's blood flows into the umbilical cord and,therefore,the baby shares the mother's blood.
E)true because it is possible for a woman to become pregnant without the sperm.

Question 72

What is the difference between a skin cell and a stem cell?

A)A skin cell gives rise only to other skin cells and a stem cell gives rise only to stems.
B)A skin cell has a full complement of DNA,but a skin cell does not.
C)Specific genes are turned on in skin cells,while stem cells still have all of their genes turned on.
D)Stem cells are not found in humans,while skin cells are.
E)Stem cells arise from skin cells when select genes are turned on.

Question 73

Researchers have observed that in villages in Russian Georgia where people have a low-calorie diet but are not malnourished,the average life expectancy is longer.Less food intake would result in fewer free radicals from metabolism,compared to societies where individuals ate more than they required.The text explains that genes for antioxidant enzymes that destroy free radicals would be inherited.How could we test,in a practical manner,whether this longevity was genetic or a matter of chosen diet?

A)Continue keeping records of villagers versus a control population with a normal diet until the numbers are statistically significant.
B)Track the fate of villagers who move away to more affluent communities where people eat a better diet,or supplement the diet of a portion of the villagers over time.
C)Conduct test-crosses to determine the life span of F₁ and F₂ generations.
D)Examine a cell sample for developmental or homeotic genes.
E)Take DNA samples from people and test for similarity of genes.

Question 74

Some of the changes that are attributed to aging are actually brought about by poor health habits.One of these is osteoporosis,which could be prevented by

A)adequate calcium intake and eating a high-protein diet.
B)not smoking cigarettes,adequate calcium intake,and exercise.
C)exercise and a high-protein diet.
D)drinking adequate amounts of water,and exercising.
E)a low-fat and protein diet.

Question 75

During which stage of birth is the placenta delivered?

A)third stage
B)first stage
C)second stage
D)It is done prior to stage one.
E)It is done after the third stage.

Question 76

Which of the following does not occur during the process of fertilization?

A)The sperm cell releases acrosomal enzymes.
B)The sperm cell enters the egg and the nucleus is released.
C)The nucleus of the sperm and egg cell fuse.
D)The plasma membrane of the sperm head and egg fuse.
E)The tail bores a hole in the zona pellucida,which the head then penetrates.