Deck 2: Seciton 3: Beginnings: Theories of Development

Question 1

Which psychoanalytic theorist identified unique stages of development from birth through late adulthood?

A) Freud
B) Piaget
C) Skinner
D) Erikson

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Within Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, each of the developmental stages is characterized by a particular challenge or _____.

A) conflict negotiation.
B) developmental conflict
C) developmental crisis
D) crisis opposition

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Though many of the theorists who followed Freud's psychoanalytic theory modified and expanded his ideas, they agreed on the importance of _____.

A) early childhood experiences and psychosexual conflicts
B) psychosexual conflicts and the unconscious
C) early childhood experiences and the unconscious
D) psychosexual conflicts and stages of psychosexual development

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Hannah theorized that sleep helps people act in safer ways. She tested her theory by conducting an experiment. She manipulated the amount of sleep participants got and then tested participants' driving ability. Hannah learned that participants who got more sleep were safer drivers. In this example, Hannah's theory led her to _____.

A) replicate research
B) solve a developmental problem
C) generate a discovery
D) change the behavior of many people

Question 5

Lilly's 12-year-old son used to get out of bed easily and early on school days, but lately he has been hard to wake. While reading a parenting book, Lilly came across the theory of "delayed phase of preference," in which sleep patterns shift when young people start to go through puberty. In this example, a theory helped Lilly _____.

A) design an experiment
B) change her own behavior
C) generate a discovery
D) gain practical guidance

Question 6

Unlike Freud, Erikson _____.

A) only described development in childhood
B) believed that adult problems reflect childhood conflicts
C) emphasized family and culture in his stages
D) was a psychoanalytic psychologist

Question 7

When people go swimming they usually wear swimsuits. Wearing swimsuits rather than some other item of clothing when swimming is a _____.

A) mean
B) norm
C) hypothesis
D) median

Question 8

Behaviorists believe that psychologists should focus on _____.

A) observable behaviors
B) inner drives and motives
C) a person's ideas and beliefs
D) a person's sexual conflict

Question 9

In class, Sam learned that some theorists link happiness to productivity. From this, he developed the thought that happy employees in a factory will produce more products per hour. In this example, Sam's theory led him to _____.

A) produce a hypothesis
B) solve a developmental problem
C) generate a discovery
D) gain practical guidance

Question 10

A _____ is an average or usual event or experience.

A) norm
B) theory
C) hypothesis
D) median

Question 11

Psychoanalytic theory originated with _____.

A) Piaget
B) Freud
C) Watson
D) Erikson

Question 12

Each stage of Freud's psychosexual theory of development is characterized by a conflict associated with different parts of the body. According to Freud, how people experience and resolve each conflict influences personality _____.

A) throughout life because early years provide the foundation of adult behavior
B) throughout life only if some of the conflicts are successfully resolved
C) only in childhood, with new conflicts emerging later that shape adult identity
D) at a particular stage of development

Question 13

A systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a framework for understanding how and why people change over time is a _____.

A) hypothesis
B) developmental theory
C) conclusion
D) stage

Question 14

The foundation of psychoanalytic theory is _____.

A) observable behaviors
B) inner drives, motives, and unconscious needs
C) a person's ideas and beliefs
D) observations that individuals make about their environments

Question 15

An explanation of facts and observations defined by a set of concepts and ideas that organize phenomena is a _____.

A) hypothesis
B) theory
C) conclusion
D) development

Question 16

Theories can do all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A) produce hypotheses
B) solve developmental problems
C) generate discoveries
D) offer practical guidance

Question 17

The developmental theories of psychoanalytic theory, behaviorism, and cognitive theory are considered "grand" because they are _____.

A) comprehensive, enduring, and widely applied
B) comprehensive, well-developed, and universally correct
C) enduring, widely applied, and universally correct
D) comprehensive, widely applied, and unchallenged

Question 18

The term "norm" communicates _____.

A) a common behavior that results from biological or social pressure
B) what is right versus what is wrong behavior among people
C) that some behaviors are better than others
D) that differences in behavior from the norm suggest deficits in behavior

Question 19

Which is the correct order of the stages of Freud's psychosexual theory, beginning with infancy and ending with the preschool years?

A) oral, anal, genital
B) anal, oral, phallic
C) oral, anal, phallic
D) phallic, oral, anal

Question 20

According to Freud's psychosexual theory, which stage centers around breastfeeding and weaning?

A) oral stage
B) anal stage
C) phallic stage
D) genital stage

Question 21

With regard to cognitive development, Piaget argued that _____ is more revealing than _____.

A) what children know; how they think
B) how children think; what they know
C) the cultural context; what children know
D) what children know; their cultural context

Question 22

Jimmy watches his friend kick a soccer ball into the goal. Later that day, Jimmy finds a soccer ball and proceeds to kick it into the goal. Jimmy most likely engaged in the same behavior as his friend due to _____.

A) classical conditioning
B) modeling
C) operant conditioning
D) reinforcement

Question 23

Behaviorism has also been referred to as _____.

A) conditioning theory
B) learning theory
C) modeling theory
D) operant theory

Question 24

The foundation of cognitive theory is _____.

A) observable behaviors
B) inner drives and motives
C) a person's thoughts and expectations
D) observations

Question 25

Pavlov's experiments with dogs that salivated when they heard a specific noise without the presence of food provide an example of _____.

A) classical conditioning
B) observational learning
C) operant conditioning
D) reinforcement

Question 26

The process by which a response becomes linked to particular stimulus is called _____.

A) psychoanalysis
B) cognition
C) observational learning
D) conditioning

Question 27

Any consequence that follows a behavior and makes the person likely to repeat that behavior is called a(n) _____.

A) punishment
B) condition
C) reinforcement
D) observation

Question 28

Who was a cognitive theorist?

A) Freud
B) Watson
C) Piaget
D) Maslow

Question 29

Observational learning is also called _____.

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) modeling
D) cognition

Question 30

Operant conditioning is also referred to as _____.

A) classical conditioning
B) instrumental conditioning
C) observational conditioning
D) reinforcement conditioning

Question 31

When a person or animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, gradually responding to the neutral stimulus in the same way as to the meaningful one, they are exhibiting _____.

A) classical conditioning
B) observational learning
C) operant conditioning
D) modeling

Question 32

The teacher praised the students for their good work on the spelling test. The teacher hopes that the praise will encourage the students to study hard for the next spelling test. In this example, praise is operating as a _____.

A) reinforcement
B) punishment
C) conditioner
D) norm

Question 33

A balloon popped and made Bobby cry. It happened again when he was at a friend's birthday party. Now when Bobby sees a balloon he starts to cry. Bobby cries in response to the balloon because of _____.

A) operant conditioning
B) observational learning
C) classical conditioning
D) modeling

Question 34

Skinner believed that psychology should focus on the study of behavior. The type of conditioning that Skinner identified was _____.

A) classical conditioning
B) observational conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) cognitive conditioning

Question 35

Tammy grew up watching her parents fight. Now that Tammy is an adult she does not want to fight all the time with her romantic partners. Which of the following best explains how Tammy learned that she did not want a relationship filled with conflict?

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) social learning theory
D) cognitive theory

Question 36

The modeling of behavior is more likely to occur when the model is all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A) younger
B) admired
C) powerful
D) nurturing

Question 37

Theorists who promote classical conditioning believe that learned behavior is the result of _____, whereas theorists who promote operant conditioning believe that learned behavior is the result of _____.

A) the association between one stimulus and another; past reinforcement
B) past reinforcement; the association between one stimulus and another
C) observing another person's actions; past reinforcement
D) the association between one stimulus and another; observing another person's actions

Question 38

A person observes the actions of others and copies them. Social learning theorists would call this an example of _____.

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) modeling
D) cognition

Question 39

The boss praised his hourly employees for their good work. The boss hopes that the praise encourages the employees to continue to work hard. In this example, the reinforcement is _____.

A) the boss's praise
B) the employee's good work
C) the boss
D) an hourly wage

Question 40

Social learning theory indicates that learning occurs from _____.

A) the association between one stimulus and another
B) past reinforcement
C) observing and imitating others
D) responding to a particular stimulus

Question 41

_____ emphasized unconscious drives and early experiences with respect to development, whereas _____ emphasized learning by association, reinforcement or observation with respect to development

A) Psychoanalytic theory; behaviorism
B) Psychoanalytic theory; cognitive theory
C) Behaviorism; psychoanalytic theory
D) Cognitive theory; psychoanalytic theory

Question 42

Sally has a dog at home so she knows about dogs. She is walking down the street and sees an animal walking toward her. The animal has four legs, fur, a tail, and is barking. Sally knows that these are characteristics of a dog given her knowledge of dogs. She quickly concludes that this animal is a dog. This example illustrated the Piagetian concept of _____.

A) operations
B) assimilation
C) equilibrium
D) accommodation

Question 43

Approaches to toilet training have changed over time. At one point it was suggested that parents toilet train whenever they wished, using reinforcement as part of the training. This view is most consistent with _____.

A) psychoanalytic theory
B) cognitive theory
C) behaviorism
D) information-processing theory

Question 44

A perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data is _____.

A) the social learning theory
B) the information-processing theory
C) behaviorism
D) the psychoanalytic theory

Question 45

According to Piaget, when old ideas are restructured to include new experiences it is called _____.

A) learning
B) assimilation
C) equilibrium
D) accommodation

Question 46

The approach to cognitive development that describes cognition with details of the cognitive process instead of stages is called _____ theory.

A) learning
B) information-processing
C) cognitive cultural
D) accommodation

Question 47

Approaches to toilet training have changed over time. At one point, it was suggested to parents to postpone toilet training until the child was at least a year old to avoid serious personality problems later on. This view is most consistent with _____.

A) psychoanalytic theory
B) cognitive theory
C) behaviorism
D) information-processing theory

Question 48

Sally has a dog at home so she knows about dogs. She is walking down the street and sees an animal walking toward her. The animal has four legs, fur, and a tail. Sally knows that these are characteristics of dogs. But the animal coming toward her is meowing, not barking. Sally's mom tells her that the animal is a cat. Now when Sally sees an animal with four legs, a tail, and fur she will conclude it is a dog if it barks and a cat if it meows, illustrating _____.

A) operations
B) assimilation
C) equilibrium
D) accommodation

Question 49

According to Piaget, intellectual advancement occurs because of cognitive _____.

A) learning
B) resolution
C) equilibrium
D) modeling

Question 50

A state of mental balance in which people are not confused because they can use their existing thought processes to understand current experiences and ideas is called _____.

A) social learning
B) conflict resolution
C) cognitive equilibrium
D) information processing

Question 51

Johnny is 12 years old and has been aggressive toward his siblings and peers, hitting, kicking, and calling them names. Johnny's parents are worried about these new aggressive behaviors and consult with a psychologist, who suggests that this behavior could be the result of unconscious drives originating from conflicts during early development. The psychologist's explanation for the aggression is consistent with _____.

A) psychoanalytic theory
B) cognitive theory
C) behaviorism
D) information-processing theory

Question 52

Johnny is 12 years old and has been aggressive toward his siblings and peers, hitting, kicking, and calling them names. Johnny's parents are worried about these new aggressive behaviors and consult with a psychologist, who suggests that this behavior could be a result of watching too many violent movies and playing too many violent videogames. The psychologist's explanation for the aggression is consistent with _____.

A) psychoanalytic theory
B) cognitive theory
C) behaviorism
D) information-processing theory

Question 53

Jenny has never seen a pear before today. As her mom hands it to her, she says that it is a fruit. Jenny knows that apples and bananas are fruits and that she likes eating them, so she has a reference for this new experience. Jenny is experiencing _____.

A) social learning
B) operant conditioning
C) guided participation
D) cognitive equilibrium

Question 54

Within the information-processing perspective, what is the correct sequential order for producing cognition?

A) the brain produces an output; input is picked up by the five senses; the brain reacts, connects, and stores memories
B) the brain reacts, connects, and stores memories; input is picked up by the five senses; the brain produces an output
C) input is picked up by the five senses; the brain produces an output; the brain reacts, connects, and stores memories
D) input is picked up by the five senses; the brain reacts, connects, and stores memories; the brain produces an output

Question 55

According to Piaget, when new experiences are interpreted to fit into old ideas it is called _____.

A) learning
B) assimilation
C) equilibrium
D) accommodation

Question 56

With respect to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the more difficult cognitive adaptation is _____.

A) assimilation
B) accommodation
C) assimilation during childhood and accommodation during adulthood
D) accommodation during childhood and assimilation during adulthood

Question 57

_____ emphasized unconscious drives and early experiences with respect to development, whereas _____ emphasized learning by understanding how a person thinks.

A) Psychoanalytic theory; behaviorism
B) Psychoanalytic theory; cognitive theory
C) Behaviorism; psychoanalytic theory
D) Cognitive theory; psychoanalytic theory

Question 58

Which of these is the sequential order of Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?

A) formal operational, concrete operational, preoperational, sensorimotor
B) preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational
C) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
D) sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational

Question 59

Robin has always had a difficult time remembering things. She went to a psychologist, and underwent tests concluding that the way she senses input and then stores the information is interfering with her ability to recall the information. This explanation for Robin's memory difficulties is consistent with _____.

A) psychoanalytic theory
B) evolutionary theory
C) social learning theory
D) information-processing theory

Question 60

Different theories and diverse parental practices are associated with toilet training. According to the text, what is the best method for toilet training?

A) It is best to start to toilet train children before they turn 1year old.
B) Using reinforcements for toilet training works for all children.
C) Children should decide when they want to be toilet trained.
D) There is no single best strategy for toilet training all children.

Question 61

Vygotsky used the term _____ to describe the method used by parents, teachers, and entire societies to teach novices the skills and habits expected within their culture.

A) zone of proximal development
B) guided participation
C) apprenticeship in thinking
D) selective adaptation

Question 62

The so-called "new" theories, unlike the grand theories, are multicultural and multidisciplinary. Evolutionary theory, for example, draws on all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A) theology
B) archeology
C) biology
D) ethology

Question 63

The so-called "new" theories, unlike the grand theories, are multicultural and multidisciplinary. _____ theory, for example, draws on theology, political science, and history.

A) Evolutionary
B) Humanistic
C) Cognitive
D) Behaviorism

Question 64

Within the context of Maslow's hierarchy, people who lock their windows and doors at night are focused on _____.

A) physiological needs
B) safety needs
C) love and belonging needs
D) esteem needs

Question 65

The idea that human development results from the dynamic interaction between developing persons and their surrounding society is the central thesis of _____.

A) humanism
B) sociocultural theory
C) evolutionary theory
D) cognitive theory

Question 66

Within the context of Maslow's hierarchy, a person who is hungry and stops at a restaurant to eat is focused on a(n) _____.

A) physiological need
B) safety need
C) love and belonging need
D) esteem need

Question 67

Sally is helping her mom make a cake. Her mom helps her pick out the right ingredients, measure them, and mix them together. According to Vygotsky, Sally is engaging in _____.

A) her zone of proximal development
B) guided participation
C) operant conditioning
D) selective adaptation

Question 68

According to Abraham Maslow, all people _____.

A) have the same basic needs or motivations
B) are driven by inner drives and motives
C) learn from the environment
D) learn from observing others

Question 69

_____ theories hold that all people share impulses and motivations.

A) Sociocultural
B) Universal
C) Psychoanalytic
D) Cognitive

Question 70

Vygotsky used the term _____ to describe how cognition is stimulated and developed in people by more skilled members of society.

A) zone of proximal development
B) guided participation
C) apprenticeship in thinking
D) selective adaptation

Question 71

According to Vygotsky, the skills, knowledge, and concepts that the learner is close to acquiring but cannot yet master without help is referred to as _____.

A) zone of proximal development
B) guided participation
C) operant conditioning
D) selective adaptation

Question 72

Within the context of Maslow's hierarchy, people who visit friends on the weekend are focused on a(n) _____.

A) physiological need
B) safety need
C) love and belonging need
D) esteem need

Question 73

The sociocultural approach to understanding development often focuses on differences among people. Sociocultural scientists focus on differences in all of the following areas EXCEPT _____.

A) culture
B) ethics
C) sexuality
D) genes

Question 74

Within Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, the novice should do all of the following to guide and inspire the more skilled member of society EXCEPT _____.

A) ask questions
B) show interest
C) urge a new competence
D) demonstrate progress

Question 75

Which cognitive theorist emphasized the cultural context?

A) Piaget
B) Vygotsky
C) Maslow
D) Erikson

Question 76

Within Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, the role of the more skilled member of society is to _____ in order to help the novice learn.

A) model the work
B) take charge of the situation
C) urge a new competence
D) critique behaviors

Question 77

The so-called "new" theories, unlike the grand theories, are multicultural and multidisciplinary. _____ theory, for example, draws on education, anthropology, and history.

A) Pyschoanalytic
B) Information-processing
C) Evolutionary
D) Sociocultural

Question 78

Maslow's hierarchy includes _____ levels of needs.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6

Question 79

A theory that stresses the potential of all humans for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs, regardless of culture, gender, or background, is _____.

A) humanism
B) evolutionary theory
C) behaviorism
D) sociocultural theory

Question 80

Within Maslow's hierarchy, the correct order of needs from lowest to highest is _____.

A) physiological; safety; love and belonging; esteem; self-actualization
B) physiological; self-actualization; safety; love and belonging; esteem
C) safety; physiological; safety; self-actualization; esteem; love and belonging
D) esteem; safety; physiological; safety; love and belonging; self-actualization