Deck 5: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

The drive theory of motivation states that drives are ____.

A) innate instincts that push us toward specific behaviors
B) negative states that we are motivated to reduce
C) positive states that we are motivated to increase
D) learned reactions stemming from social incentives

Answer 1

negative states that we are motivated to reduce

Question 2

Dr. Williams is a psychologist who believes that motivation is produced when we feel an uncomfortable internal state that pushes us to find a way to feel better. Dr. Williams's belief is most compatible with which theory of motivation?

A) Drive reduction theory
B) Instinct theory
C) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
D) Incentive theories of motivation

Answer 2

Drive reduction theory

Question 3

Motivation is best defined as a(n) ____.

A) biological drive to avoid hunger, thirst, and sexual deprivation
B) learned tendency to seek out rewards
C) innate need for arousal and stimulation
D) tendency to desire or seek out positive outcomes and avoid negative ones

Answer 3

tendency to desire or seek out positive outcomes and avoid negative ones

Question 4

Wanting to get a college education is an example of a(n) ____.

A) emotion
B) motive
C) hunger
D) dutifulness

Question 5

____ drives are to biology as ____ drives are to learning.

A) Primary; secondary
B) Secondary; primary
C) Homeostatic; primary
D) Primary; homeostatic

Question 6

The concept of homeostasis is most closely associated with ____.

A) arousal theory
B) incentive theory
C) primary drives
D) secondary drives

Question 7

One criticism of William James's theory of instincts is that ____ seems to be eligible for inclusion in the list of possible instincts.

A) very few behaviors
B) almost every behavior
C) only biological-related behaviors
D) only social behaviors

Question 8

The motivation to engage in sexual activity is typically accompanied by a desire to increase, rather than decrease, sexual arousal. Which theory of motivation would have the greatest difficulty explaining this desire?

A) Drive theory
B) Incentive theory
C) Cognitive theory
D) Arousal theory

Question 9

Instinct theory as an explanation of motivation would best be considered a ____ theory.

A) sociological
B) learning
C) biological
D) cognitive

Question 10

The tendency to desire and seek out positive outcomes and avoid negative ones would best be considered a(n) ____.

A) emotion
B) thought
C) motive
D) instinct

Question 11

Helena works for a fast food restaurant, and for the last three months she has been named the employee of the month. In psychological terms, Helena appears to have a great deal of ____ to succeed at her job.

A) insight
B) motivation
C) hunger
D) dutifulness

Question 12

Our motivation to sleep can be explained by drive theory because it seems to ____.

A) stem from an innate instinct
B) occur in response to learned incentives
C) correspond with a need to increase nervous system arousal
D) involve a negative feedback loop

Question 13

The need for ____ is a secondary drive.

A) food
B) water
C) money
D) warmth

Question 14

Jameel has a desire to learn as much about psychology as he can. Psychologists would call this desire a(n) ____.

A) emotion
B) thought
C) motive
D) instinct

Question 15

The earliest theory to explain human motivation was ____.

A) drive theory
B) arousal theory
C) incentive theory
D) instinct theory

Question 16

Suppose you lost the ability to be motivated in every way. What would likely happen to you?

A) Nothing much. You would be fine.
B) You would be happier and free of stress.
C) You would sleep all the time.
D) You would be unable to take care of your basic needs.

Question 17

Hannah is a psychologist who believes that motives are innate tendencies that direct our behavior. Hannah's belief is most compatible with which theory of motivation?

A) Drive reduction theory
B) Instinct theory
C) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
D) Incentive theories of motivation

Question 18

Innate impulses from within a person that direct or motivate behavior are called ____.

A) instincts
B) emotions
C) secondary drives
D) ideas

Question 19

Which theorist proposed that human motivation was best explained by genetically determined instincts?

A) Abraham Maslow
B) John Watson
C) William James
D) Wilhelm Wundt

Question 20

What is the correct sequence of events according to drive reduction theory?

A) Need, behavior, and drive
B) Drive, need, and behavior
C) Need, drive, and behavior
D) Behavior, drive, and need

Question 21

Which item is the best analogy to the negative feedback loop involved in primary drives?

A) A toaster
B) A computer
C) A thermostat
D) A TV

Question 22

The concept of drive reduction best explains ____ drives.

A) learned
B) secondary
C) instinctual
D) primary

Question 23

Maintaining bodily processes at a state of equilibrium is known as achieving ____.

A) homeostasis
B) homogeneity
C) arousal
D) impulse control

Question 24

Karl is batting in a championship baseball game with the bases loaded, two outs, and the winning run on third base with the crowd screaming. Karl is anxious and sweating. According to arousal theory, he is likely to show ____.

A) underarousal
B) overarousal
C) no arousal
D) optimal arousal

Question 25

Guillermo feels best when he is sitting in a Japanese garden feeding the koi in the ponds. Knowing what you know about arousal and motivation, at what level of arousal will Guillermo most likely perform his best?

A) A level of arousal that is below average
B) A level of arousal that is highly above average
C) An average level of arousal
D) An above average level of arousal

Question 26

According to arousal theory, those who engage in physical activities that are extremely risky or dangerous are ____.

A) attempting to reduce physical tension
B) seeking high levels of physiological arousal
C) fulfilling an instinctual need
D) satisfying a social desire to compete with others

Question 27

Drive reduction theorists developed the notion of secondary drives to help explain ____.

A) behaviors that are not directly related to survival
B) thrill-seeking behaviors
C) the desire to procreate
D) behaviors that are innate, but not necessary for survival

Question 28

Arousal theories of motivation state that ____.

A) arousal drives us toward engaging in survival-related behaviors
B) we all seek to maintain an optimal level of arousal
C) we are all motivated to maximize our arousal
D) arousal drives are driven by society, not the individual

Question 29

Those who view motivation as a drive distinguish between primary drives, which are ____, and secondary drives, which are ____.

A) important; unimportant
B) biological; learned
C) cognitive; emotional
D) fulfilled by ourselves; fulfilled by the actions of others

Question 30

Which statement is TRUE with regard to secondary drives?

A) They are more important to human survival than primary drives.
B) They fall under the arousal theory of motivation.
C) They are explained quite adequately by the drive reduction theories of motivation.
D) They tend to be expressed quite differently across individuals.

Question 31

The arousal theory of motivation would have the easiest time explaining why a person would ____.

A) ride a roller-coaster
B) eat a meal
C) study hard for a test
D) drink water

Question 32

The idea that people perform best when arousal is moderate is captured by the ____.

A) James-Lange theory
B) Schachter-Singer law
C) Yerkes-Dodson curve
D) self-determination model

Question 33

Feeling the urge to go to the bathroom is a good example of ____.

A) a secondary drive
B) a primary drive
C) Maslow's highest level of the hierarchy
D) Maslow's second level of the hierarchy

Question 34

Most people perform best when arousal is ____.

A) absent
B) low
C) moderate
D) high

Question 35

When you do not drink any fluids for several hours, your body sends information to your brain, causing you to be motivated to drink. This process is best explained by ____.

A) instinct theory
B) incentive theory
C) drive reduction theory
D) arousal theory

Question 36

Drive theory and arousal theory both suggest that motivation has its roots in ____.

A) learning
B) mental processes
C) emotions
D) biology

Question 37

Rick loves to ski, surf, race cars, and engage in extreme sports. Rick's optimum level of arousal is likely found in ____.

A) highly arousing situations
B) moderately arousing activities
C) mildly arousing activities
D) nonarousing situations

Question 38

Negative feedback loops help to ____.

A) maintain homeostasis
B) promote instability
C) increase the tendency for change
D) limit negative emotions

Question 39

The fact that we sometimes eat when we are not hungry in the biological sense of requiring more energy is a problem for the ____ theory of motivation.

A) drive reduction
B) arousal
C) incentive
D) classical

Question 40

Secondary drives ____.

A) are learned
B) need to be met in order to survive
C) are innate
D) are biological

Question 41

Abraham Maslow believed that after satisfying our basic physiological and security needs, we can begin to work on our ____ needs.

A) biological
B) cognitive
C) safety
D) belonging

Question 42

Abraham Maslow believed that after satisfying our belongingness and esteem needs, we can begin to work on our ____ needs.

A) biological
B) emotional
C) safety
D) cognitive

Question 43

According to Maslow, which of the following needs is lower than the others in the hierarchy?

A) Self-actualization
B) Esteem
C) Cognitive
D) Aesthetic

Question 44

An advertiser who wanted to effectively use Maslow's theory would research ____.

A) the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
B) the needs of the products' consumers
C) the relationship between arousal and performance
D) how the body uses negative feedback loops

Question 45

Contrary to Maslow's beliefs about motivation and a hierarchy of needs, ____.

A) there appears to be only three different types of motives
B) emotions seem to be separate and distinct from motives
C) most motives occur along with other motives and not in isolation to each other
D) people often seek to fulfill "higher" needs while depriving themselves of "lower" needs

Question 46

Which theorist developed a hierarchy of needs to explain the different priorities we may assign to aspects of human motivation?

A) Abraham Maslow
B) Carl Rogers
C) Sigmund Freud
D) B. F. Skinner

Question 47

The pursuit of self-actualization without first attaining a sense of love and belongingness ____.

A) would be inconsistent with Maslow's hierarchy of needs
B) is impossible according to most motivation theorists
C) is one of the most common causes of depression
D) would provide evidence for the incentive theory of motivation

Question 48

You are giving a presentation to your sales department about Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, when someone asks you if there is much scientific support for this theory. What is the best response to this question?

A) "Yes, the majority of studies support this theory."
B) "There is limited scientific support for this theory."
C) "No study has ever shown support for this theory."
D) "No, this theory has not been tested yet by researchers."

Question 49

A person who strives to realize his or her potential and to do his or her best at whatever challenge they are faced with would most likely be fulfilling Maslow's ____ needs.

A) safety
B) aesthetic
C) self-actualization
D) belongingness

Question 50

Incentive theories of motivation differentiate between intrinsic motivation, which comes from ____ sources, and extrinsic motivation, which comes from ____ sources.

A) biological; environmental
B) primary; secondary
C) cognitive; emotional
D) internal; external

Question 51

Your motivation to study hard in school in order to get good grades and prepare for a career would be best explained by ____.

A) self-determination theory
B) drive theory
C) arousal theory
D) instinct theory

Question 52

The most accurate way to view Maslow's hierarchy of needs is in the form of a ____.

A) circle
B) pyramid
C) square
D) line

Question 53

Doing a job well because you get to experience a sense of pride in your accomplishments is a good example of ____ motivation.

A) extrinsic
B) arousal
C) intrinsic
D) drive

Question 54

Working hard to improve your basketball skills in order to be selected to the all-star team is a good example of ____ motivation.

A) arousal
B) extrinsic
C) drive
D) primary

Question 55

Research on Maslow's hierarchy of needs has ____.

A) provided support for the view that lower needs must be fulfilled before attention can be given to higher order needs
B) provided support for the view that as lower needs are satisfied, higher order needs are automatically addressed
C) not provided much support for its major hypotheses
D) provided support for the idea of a hierarchy but failed to confirm the existence of the needs he proposed

Question 56

Abraham Maslow believed that after satisfying our esteem and cognitive needs, we can begin to work on our ____ needs.

A) belonging
B) aesthetic
C) safety
D) security

Question 57

Autonomous motivation is ____ while controlled motivation is ____.

A) extrinsic; intrinsic
B) intrinsic; extrinsic
C) negative; positive
D) positive; negative

Question 58

Compared to the average person, the late Mother Teresa was probably more motivated by ____.

A) belongingness needs
B) love needs
C) physiological needs
D) self-actualization needs

Question 59

Which sequence represents the correct order in Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) Safety, cognitive, aesthetic, physiological, esteem, belongingness, self-actualization, transcendence
B) Self-actualization, safety, aesthetic, esteem, cognitive, belongingness, transcendence, physiological
C) Physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, cognitive, aesthetic, self-actualization, transcendence
D) Belongingness, transcendence, esteem, cognitive, self-actualization, aesthetic, safety, physiological

Question 60

Sheena loves to bungee jump, drive fast, and go to parties. According to arousal theory, Sheena is probably a(n) ____.

A) sensation-seeker
B) individual who has trouble achieving homeostasis
C) person who lacks impulse control
D) self-actualized woman

Question 61

The release of ghrelin ____.

A) increases hunger
B) decreases hunger
C) has no effect on hunger
D) occurs only in the presence of disease

Question 62

What happens when the stomach walls distend to accommodate food?

A) We become hungry.
B) Signals are sent to the brain to turn off hunger.
C) The set point moves upward leading to an increased likelihood of gaining weight.
D) The release of CCK is suppressed.

Question 63

Ghrelin is a(n) ____.

A) neurotransmitter released by the brain to stimulate hunger
B) enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters in the brain to signal a feeling of being full
C) hormone secreted by the stomach to stimulate hunger
D) neurotransmitter found in the liver which signals a feeling of being full

Question 64

According to drive theory, we should not feel hungry when ____.

A) we are more tired than hungry
B) we have adequate fuel and nutrients in our bodies
C) we are highly aroused
D) our minds are engaged in challenging tasks

Question 65

The hormone insulin is produced by____.

A) the small intestine
B) the liver
C) the pancreas
D) fat cells

Question 66

Having a set point may explain why we ____.

A) obsess over weight
B) tend to regain pounds that have been lost
C) cannot agree on what a healthy weight is
D) have societal pressure to be thin

Question 67

Research has shown that hunger is most likely regulated by ____.

A) only the quantity of the food we eat
B) only the quality of the food we eat
C) both the quality and the quantity of food we eat
D) neither the quality nor the quantity of the food we eat

Question 68

The hormone CCK ____.

A) stimulates eating
B) works with insulin to signal satiety
C) is produced by the pancreas
D) is produced by the liver

Question 69

What statement about the mechanism of hunger and satiety is true?

A) Neuropeptide Y plays a powerful role in signaling satiety.
B) The small intestines release the hormone cholecystokinin, which encourages us to eat.
C) Fat cells release leptin, which travels to the brain to signal the need to eat.
D) The ventromedial hypothalamus plays a role in satiety.

Question 70

Research has shown that when we eat a highly nutritious meal, even if it is not a large amount, we will ____.

A) still be motivated to eat because our stomach is not full
B) be less motivated to eat, even if our stomach is not full
C) secrete large amounts of ghrelin
D) stop secreting CCK

Question 71

Your body's awareness of hunger is due to a(n) ____ loop.

A) centrifugal
B) endless
C) one-way
D) negative feedback

Question 72

A set point refers to the ____.

A) weight that the body naturally seeks to maintain
B) ideal body weight for one's age, gender, and body type
C) number of calories needed to maintain one's weight
D) weight an individual would prefer to have

Question 73

You are giving a lecture on negative feedback loops to a group of high-school students. Which analogy for negative feedback would be most effective in your lecture?

A) A stick of dynamite-you light the fuse and then it explodes
B) A runaway train, picking up speed as it travels downhill until it derails and crashes
C) Scratching a mosquito bite and having it itch more and more
D) The price of pizza a local shop charges-if it's set too high, customers go elsewhere and the shop's sales fall

Question 74

Our brain turns hunger on and off in order to maintain ____ in our body.

A) arousal
B) competition
C) homeostasis
D) relaxation

Question 75

The hunger motive is ____.

A) to make us to pay attention
B) a secondary drive
C) to maintain bodily homeostasis
D) based on a positive feedback loop

Question 76

When you feel full after eating a big meal, it is likely that your stomach ____.

A) is contracting enough to inhibit further eating
B) has sent information to your brain about the calories in the food you have eaten
C) has sent dopamine neurotransmitters to your brain to contribute to that feeling
D) is reflexively causing you to feel less hungry, without the brain's involvement

Question 77

Which substance tends to be associated with feeling hungry when it is at a high level in our body?

A) CCK
B) Ghrelin
C) Glucose
D) Leptin

Question 78

The fact that homeostasis regulates hunger has led psychologists to conclude that the ____.

A) body is more likely to guard against obesity than starvation
B) body naturally attempts to maintain a set point of weight
C) weight of most people will fluctuate dramatically across their lifetime
D) stomach must be the ultimate source of all hunger

Question 79

The drive reduction theory of motivation views hunger as ____.

A) a primary drive
B) a secondary drive
C) an instinct
D) an extrinsic motivation

Question 80

A thermostat set at 72 degrees is a good example of a ______.

A) hierarchy of needs
B) negative feedback loop
C) positive feedback loop
D) plateau phase