Deck 8: Making Decisions and Solving Problems

Question 1

Which of the following is true about longitudinal research?

A) It combines cross-sectional and sequential research.
B) It traces the behavior of one or more participants as they get older.
C) It assesses the differences among groups of people at one point in time.
D) It is not as time-consuming as cross-sectional research.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A normal fertilized egg, or zygote, contains _____ pairs of chromosomes.

A) 46
B) 21
C) 23
D) 28

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Dona is a graduate student investigating the development of fine motor skills. She selects a group of children and assesses their fine motor skills every six months over a two-year period. In this example, Dona is using a _____ research method.

A) cross-sectional
B) transversal
C) longitudinal
D) single case experimental

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A researcher raises a sample of unrelated macaque monkeys in identical laboratory environments. He finds significant differences among these monkeys in their preference for novel visual stimuli. What might the researcher legitimately conclude concerning the relative effects of nature and nurture on the preference for visual novelty?

A) Nurture has a major influence on the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.
B) Nature has a substantial influence on the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.
C) Both nature and nurture have an equal influence on the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.
D) Neither nature nor nurture has the ability to regulate the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.

Question 5

Cross-sectional research techniques provide information about _____ in development between different age groups. Longitudinal research techniques provide information concerning _____ in behavior over time.

A) changes; differences
B) changes; changes
C) differences; differences
D) differences; changes

Question 6

Which technique of developmental researchers requires a significant expenditure of time as a researcher waits for the participants to get older?

A) Longitudinal research
B) Cross-sectional research
C) Empirical research
D) Applied research

Question 7

Two weeks after conception, a developing fertilized egg is called a(n) _____.

A) embryo
B) fetus
C) zygote
D) neonate

Question 8

Which of the following chromosomal combination is present in a typical female child?

A) XX
B) XY
C) YY
D) XXY

Question 9

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of the stages of prenatal development?

A) Germinal, embryonic, and fetal
B) Fetal, embryonic, and germinal
C) Germinal, fetal, and embryonic
D) Fetal, germinal, and embryonic

Question 10

In the _____ stage of development, a developing individual is less than an inch long and has developed a rudimentary beating heart, a brain, an intestinal tract, and a number of other organs that are at a primitive stage of development.

A) embryonic
B) fetal
C) germinal
D) neonatal

Question 11

The longest part of a pregnancy, from the 8th week through to birth, is the _____ period.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) zygotic
D) fetal

Question 12

Dr. Edward is testing the same individuals repeatedly over time as part of a research study, while Dr. Janice is comparing the performance of different people of various ages at the same time. Dr. Edward is using a _____ research method; Dr. Janice is using a _____ method.

A) cross-sectional; longitudinal
B) longitudinal; cross-sectional
C) sequential; simultaneous
D) sequential; cross-sectional

Question 13

Which of the following chromosomal combination is present in a typical male child?

A) XX
B) XY
C) YY
D) XXY

Question 14

The one-celled entity formed by the union of an egg and a sperm is called a:

A) cyst.
B) fetus.
C) zygote.
D) neonate.

Question 15

Maria is studying the effects of calcium on the development of children. She administers different levels of calcium to two groups of children, one group consisting of children aged five and the other group consisting of children aged ten. She studies the growth rate of these two groups regularly over a period of one year. On the basis of the given evidence, it would be most accurate to say that Maria is using _____ research.

A) cross-sectional
B) factorial
C) longitudinal
D) single case experimental

Question 16

_____ are rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information.

A) Spleens
B) Chromosomes
C) Serotonins
D) Norepinephrines

Question 17

Max is a graduate student who wants to find the relation between identity formation and the environment. For this purpose, he interviews a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 10-year-olds, and a group of 15-year-olds and asks them what they plan to do when they finish school. In this example, Mark is using a _____ research method.

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) single case experimental
D) sequential

Question 18

The first two weeks of a pregnancy, from conception to implantation, are known as the _____ period.

A) embryonic
B) germinal
C) fetal
D) critical

Question 19

Which of the following stages of development that a baby goes through is correctly matched with its description or milestone?

A) In the germinal stage, an organism grows from one cell to hundreds of cells.
B) In the perinatal stage, the first cell is formed by the union of an egg and a sperm.
C) In the embryonic stage, facial features become similar to those that the child will display at birth.
D) In the fetal stage, the fertilization of an egg takes place.

Question 20

Which of the following is true of cross-sectional research?

A) It traces the behavior of one or more participants as they age.
B) It does not provide information about the differences in development between different age groups.
C) It compares people of different ages at the same point in time.
D) It assesses change in behavior over time.

Question 21

According to Mary Ainsworth, when a child with avoidant attachment style is exposed to the Ainsworth strange situation, he or she will:

A) continue to show signs of distress when the mother returns after a brief absence.
B) refuse to play and explore new settings when the mother is not present.
C) show no concern when the mother leaves the room.
D) exhibit inconsistent and contradictory behavior toward the mother when she returns.

Question 22

Walter's parents strongly believe that Walter should make his own decisions, so they set very few rules regarding homework, bedtime, and household chores. Since they believe that freedom and responsibility are important, they patiently tolerate all of Walter's behavior, whether childish or mature. The parenting style adopted by Walter's parents is called:

A) authoritarian.
B) permissive.
C) authoritative.
D) uninvolved.

Question 23

Clarissa's mother was 38 years old when she gave birth to her. Clarissa suffers from an intellectual disability, and doctors have diagnosed that her condition is due to the extra chromosome that she received at the time of conception. Identify the condition afflicting Clarissa.

A) Phenylketonuria
B) Sickle-cell anemia
C) Tay-Sachs disease
D) Down syndrome

Question 24

Based on Harlow's research with monkeys, which of the following would prove to be most effective in comforting a frightened infant or child?

A) Leaving the child alone
B) Offering the child something good to eat
C) Talking to the child from a distance
D) Touching or holding the child

Question 25

Rebecca takes her 1-year-old son, Adam, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Adam appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with the toys, even though Rebecca is close by. When Rebecca leaves the room to fill out some forms, Adam becomes extremely upset and remains inconsolable. When Rebecca returns, Adam stays close to her, holding on to her leg. However, Adam makes it very clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. In fact, he starts kicking and hitting her. In the context of the findings of Mary Ainsworth, which term best describes Adam's attachment style?

A) Patriarchal
B) Ambivalent
C) Avoidant
D) Secure

Question 26

An infant is considered preterm if it is born before week _____.

A) 22
B) 28
C) 36
D) 38

Question 27

Maura and Trish are eighth graders who are caught smoking. Maura's parents yell at her and refuse to let her explain things. They ground her for a month and take away her television and Internet privileges for two months. Trish's parents talk to her about their disappointment and concern. Additionally, for a week, they make her spend every afternoon at the library, researching the dangers of smoking and discussing her findings with them each night at dinner. According to this scenario, Maura's parents are _____ and Trish's are _____.

A) permissive; authoritative
B) authoritarian; permissive
C) authoritarian; authoritative
D) authoritative; permissive

Question 28

A _____ reflex prompts babies to clear their throats.

A) rooting
B) startle
C) Babinski
D) gag

Question 29

In the context of the experiments conducted by Mary Ainsworth, the _____ attachment style describes a child who exhibits distress at his mother's departure in the Ainsworth strange situation but is easily soothed on her return.

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) ambivalent
D) disorganized

Question 30

Baby Lisa automatically turns her head in the direction of any touch on the cheeks. This is the _____ reflex.

A) gag
B) rooting
C) sucking
D) startle

Question 31

A teratogen is:

A) an environmental agent that can produce a birth defect.
B) a genetic or chromosomal abnormality that may produce a developmental disorder.
C) any physical defect in an unborn child.
D) a fertilized egg that undergoes rapid cell division.

Question 32

At 12 months of age, Jordan is classified as a securely attached child by his pediatrician on the basis of the criteria set by Mary Ainsworth. Which of the following behaviors in the Ainsworth strange situation would be most consistent with this classification?

A) Jordan is moderately distressed when his mother leaves him alone and is pleased when she returns.
B) Jordan is unconcerned when his mother leaves and is uninterested when she returns.
C) Jordan is very upset when his mother leaves and seems both relieved and angry when she returns.
D) Jordan is very upset when his mother leaves, and he ignores her when she returns.

Question 33

Which infant reflex is correctly described?

A) In Babinski reflex, an infant's toes fan out when the edge of the sole of its foot is stroked.
B) In sucking reflex, an infant turns its head toward something touching its cheeks.
C) In startle reflex, an infant bites on things that touch its lips.
D) In rooting reflex, an infant flings out its arms and arches its back in response to a sudden noise.

Question 34

Eliza takes her 1-year-old son, Danny, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Danny eagerly explores the room as long as Eliza is present. When Eliza leaves the room to fill out some forms, Danny becomes somewhat upset. When she returns, he quickly calms down. In the context of the findings of Mary Ainsworth, which of the following terms best describes Danny's attachment style?

A) Disorganized
B) Ambivalent
C) Secure
D) Avoidant

Question 35

The "strange situation" experiment is associated with _____; it helps classify the attachment behavior of _____.

A) Harlow; newborns
B) Bandura; toddlers
C) Ainsworth; toddlers
D) Chomsky; newborns

Question 36

Joan's mom and dad believe that parents know best. They expect Joan to obey all parental rules without uttering a word, and they are quick to impose stern punishments if she does not comply. In Baumrind's terms, Joan's parents are:

A) authoritarian.
B) permissive.
C) authoritative.
D) uninvolved.

Question 37

Two-year-old Zack has an inherited disorder in which his body can't break down fat. He will probably die by the time he is four. Which of the following diseases is Zack most likely suffering from?

A) Phenylketonuria
B) Sickle-cell anemia
C) Tay-Sachs disease
D) Down syndrome

Question 38

Which genetic or chromosomal abnormality below is correctly described?

A) In phenylketonuria, a child is unable to produce a critical enzyme, which results in an accumulation of poisons and in turn causes profound intellectual disabilities.
B) In Tay-Sachs disease, the body starts producing abnormally shaped red blood cells.
C) In Down syndrome, the brain tissues of the cortex degenerate, resulting in death.
D) In sickle-cell anemia, a child receives an extra chromosome resulting in mental retardation.

Question 39

Barney's mother gave birth to him when she was 25 years old. She drank heavily during her pregnancy. As a result, Barney is short. He also has learning disorders and displays some facial abnormalities. Which of the following condition is Barney most likely suffering from?

A) Tay-Sachs disease
B) Phenylketonuria
C) Down syndrome.
D) Fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 40

_____ is the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual.

A) Habituation
B) Attachment
C) Polymorphism
D) Maturation

Question 41

Girls typically experience the adolescent growth spurt _____ than do boys.

A) 6 months earlier
B) 2 years earlier
C) 6 months later
D) 2 years later

Question 42

According to Erikson, the first stage of a child's psychosocial development is the _____ stage.

A) trust-versus-mistrust
B) id-versus-ego
C) autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt
D) intimacy-versus-isolation

Question 43

Dawn is 1 week of age. Ellis is 6 years of age. Fritzi is 9 years of age. Girard is 15 years of age. In the context of the stages of development suggested by Piaget, which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

A) Dawn-sensorimotor
B) Ellis-concrete operational
C) Fritzi-formal operational
D) Girard-postoperational

Question 44

Some Western legal systems consider either 7 or 8 as the age at which a child attains reason. Is such a designation defensible from a Piagetian standpoint?

A) Yes. Children do acquire some basic reasoning skills during the concrete operational period.
B) Yes. Children become capable of abstract, hypothetical reasoning during the concrete operational period.
C) No. Children are unable to reason prior to the formal operational period.
D) No. Children can reason much earlier than this, i.e., during the preoperational period.

Question 45

Bonnie is 3 months old. Her parents are inconsistent in attending to her needs. Sometimes they are very attentive, feeding her promptly when she cries and comforting her when she seems upset. At other times, Bonnie cries for a long time before her parents attend to her. Based on Erikson's theory, it is likely that Bonnie will develop:

A) a general sense of mistrust.
B) a sense of superiority.
C) an inflated id.
D) memory impairment.

Question 46

Two children are participating in a memory research: Heather, a preschooler, and Illeana, a sixth grader. When the children fail a particular recall task, the researcher asks each child what she might do to succeed at the task the next time. Heather suggests that she would simply try again; Illeana proposes that she would try to write the items down. The difference in the girls' responses most clearly illustrates an increase in _____ during childhood.

A) memory capacity
B) metacognitive ability
C) operational thinking
D) proximal development

Question 47

A child demonstrates that she understands the idea of object permanence and egocentrism but fails to understand the concept of conservation. In the context of the Piagetian stages, she is most likely in the _____ stage.

A) preoperational
B) concrete operational
C) sensorimotor
D) formal operational

Question 48

Twelve-year-old Nathaniel was having trouble solving the word problems in his math homework. However, when his dad helped him by reading the problems aloud and emphasizing the important information, Nathaniel could solve all the problems correctly. Which of the following concepts is being illustrated in this scenario?

A) Piaget's concept of conservation
B) Erikson's concept of industry versus inferiority
C) Piaget's concept of concrete operational thought
D) Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development

Question 49

Which of the following constructs primarily reflects that "nature" is more influential than "nurture"?

A) Attachment style
B) Temperament
C) Choice of mother tongue
D) Choice of friends

Question 50

According to Piaget, mastery of the principle of conservation marks the beginning of the _____ stage of development.

A) sensorimotor
B) concrete operational
C) formal operational
D) preoperational

Question 51

To stop baby Rudy from crying for a sharp knife on the kitchen table, his mother put it in her apron pocket. "Out of sight, out of mind," she said, and it worked. Rudy's mother has capitalized on his lack of the concept of:

A) conservation.
B) egocentrism.
C) object permanence.
D) reversibility.

Question 52

During the sensorimotor period:

A) children begin to understand reversibility.
B) understanding is based mainly on basic sensory and motor abilities.
C) mental operations are tied to actual objects in the real world.
D) individuals can consider hypothetical outcomes and make logical deductions.

Question 53

During the Vietnam War, Michael moved from the United States to Canada to avoid the draft. He didn't want to go to war because he was afraid he might be killed or seriously injured. Michael's reasons for not going to war reflect the _____ stage of moral reasoning established by Kohlberg.

A) conventional
B) preconventional
C) postconventional
D) ambivalent

Question 54

Mrs. Weston asks Colin if he wants his sandwich in one piece or cut into two pieces. Colin tells her to keep it in one piece because he isn't hungry enough to eat two pieces. In the context of Piaget's theory, Colin's answer suggests that he does not:

A) understand the concept of object permanence.
B) know how to add.
C) understand the concept of conservation.
D) have an egocentric view.

Question 55

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, from birth through adolescence?

A) Sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, and formal operational
B) Preoperational, concrete operational, preoperational, and formal operational
C) Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
D) Nonoperational, preoperational, operational, and postoperational

Question 56

Jay complains to his father that he wants more juice than he has. His father takes the juice Jay has in his glass and pours it into a taller but narrower glass. Jay is now content that he has more juice. Jay has failed to grasp the concept of:

A) object permanence.
B) egocentrism.
C) hypo-deductive reasoning.
D) conservation.

Question 57

Which of the following accurately reflects a positive aspect of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

A) Erikson focused equally on the development of both males and females.
B) The well-established accuracy of the concepts used by Erikson is a strong point of his theory.
C) Erikson's theory confirmed that nature has a greater influence than nurture on the development of an individual.
D) Erikson's theory encompassed the entire life span of an individual.

Question 58

Preschoolers can hold only 2 or 3 chunks of information in short-term memory, 5-year-olds can hold four, and 7-year-olds can hold _____.

A) 5
B) 8
C) 7
D) 10

Question 59

Hailey's parents demand that she follow their instructions without asking any question. Isabella's parents are firm as well, but they are more likely to reason with her and explain the consequences of her behavior. In Baumrind's terms, Hailey's parents are _____, while Isabella's parents are _____.

A) authoritarian; authoritative
B) authoritative; authoritarian
C) permissive; authoritarian
D) authoritative; permissive

Question 60

Edward is 8 years of age and is currently in the second grade. In the context of the theory propagated by Piaget, Edward is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 61

_____ refers to the process by which people examine and evaluate their existence.

A) Metacognition
B) Egocentric thought process
C) Disengagement
D) Life review

Question 62

Jack registers as a conscientious objector during the Vietnam War. He believes that it is wrong to take human life. He is willing to serve time in jail, rather than take part in an armed conflict. Jack's reasons for not going to war reflect the _____ stage of moral reasoning established by Kohlberg.

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) postoperational

Question 63

According to Erikson, the psychosocial crisis of the intimacy-versus-isolation stage occurs:

A) during the first year of life.
B) between the ages of 3 and 6.
C) during the early adult years.
D) during adolescence.

Question 64

The time at which a woman's menstrual cycle slows down and eventually stops is called:

A) menarche.
B) menopause.
C) amenorrhea.
D) the zygotic period.

Question 65

According to the _____ theory of aging, aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels.

A) wear-and-tear
B) genetic preprogramming
C) disengagement
D) activity

Question 66

Dr. Carruthers believes that a combination of hereditary and environmental factors influences development. Dr. Carruthers has adopted a(n) position on the nature-nurture issue related to development.

Question 67

According to Erikson, adolescents are primarily engaged in resolving the psychosocial crisis of:

A) trust versus mistrust.
B) intimacy versus isolation.
C) generativity versus stagnation.
D) identity versus role confusion.

Question 68

Yolanda is 24, Zachary is 44, and Andrew is 73. Assume that each successfully completes the identity crisis associated with his or her stage as proposed by Erikson. Which of the following alternatives matches each individual with the correct developmental outcome?

A) Yolanda: intimacy; Zachary: generativity; and Andrew: wisdom
B) Yolanda: wisdom; Zachary: intimacy; and Andrew: generativity
C) Yolanda: intimacy; Zachary: wisdom; and Andrew: generativity
D) Yolanda: generativity; Zachary: intimacy; and Andrew: wisdom

Question 69

Grace is a 19-year-old college sophomore. She is living away from home for the first time and is trying to decide on a major. Grace is in a phase of life that developmental psychologists term _____ adulthood.

A) developing
B) emerging
C) beginning
D) nascent

Question 70

Which theory of aging suggests that the mechanical functions of the body work less efficiently as people age?

A) Wear-and-tear theory
B) Person-centered theory
C) Dual-process theory
D) Activity theory

Question 71

_____ occurs when beta amyloid precursor protein goes awry, producing large clumps of cells that trigger inflammation and deterioration of nerve cells.

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) Cyclothymic disorder
C) Crohn's disease
D) Bipolar disorder

Question 72

Age-related declines are more apparent in _____ memory than in _____ memory.

A) episodic; semantic
B) semantic; episodic
C) implicit; explicit
D) semantic and implicit; episodic and explicit

Question 73

Bea is 70 years old and works part-time at a discount store. She keeps herself busy by engaging in various activities she enjoyed during middle adulthood. She volunteers occasionally at a local food bank and enjoys the company of her family and the members of her bridge club. According to the _____ theory of aging, Bea is aging successfully.

A) activity
B) Kübler-Ross
C) disengagement
D) wear-and-tear

Question 74

From the late teens into the mid-20s, individuals are in a transitional phase that developmental psychologists call _____ adulthood.

A) emerging
B) beginning
C) developing
D) launching

Question 75

According to Erikson, people enter the generativity-versus-stagnation stage during _____.

A) adolescence
B) childhood
C) middle adulthood
D) old age

Question 76

Compared with children in two-parent families, children in single-parent families are:

A) less well adjusted.
B) more likely to be poor.
C) more likely to develop close relations.
D) less likely to have trust issues.

Question 77

Denise is in her mid-40s; she is not married and is childless. Her job is routine, and she feels as if she has not really done much to contribute to society's future. In Erikson's terms, Denise is in the _____ stage.

A) generativity-versus-stagnation
B) trust-versus-mistrust
C) autonomy-versus-shame
D) initiative-versus-guilt

Question 78

Which theory of aging suggests that human cells have a built-in time limit to their reproduction and that they are no longer able to divide after a certain time?

A) Wear-and-tear theory
B) Genetic preprogramming theory
C) Dual-process theory
D) Activity theory

Question 79

According to the _____ theory of aging, people who age most successfully are those who maintain the interests, activities, and level of social interaction they experienced during middle adulthood.

A) wear-and-tear
B) genetic preprogramming
C) disengagement
D) activity

Question 80

According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, which of the following is the stage in which a person aware of his or her impending death is likely to try to think of ways to postpone death and dedicate his or her life to religion?

A) Acceptance
B) Anger
C) Bargaining
D) Denial