Deck 11: Cognitive Motivation: Competence and Control

Question 1

All of the following would be classified by Maslow as growth needs except:

A) beauty
B) esteem
C) goodness
D) truth

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT one of Rogers' characteristics in a fully functioning individual?

A) safety
B) openness to experience
C) sense of freedom
D) creativity

Answer 2

A

Question 3

An element common to the theories of Maslow, Rogers, White, and Deci is:

A) an emphasis on classical and instrumental conditioning in determining behavior
B) the idea that all humans, in some way, strive to reach their potential
C) the importance of cognitive decision-making
D) the importance of internal conflicts that drive behavior

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to Maslow, preferences for familiar surroundings, secure jobs, and insurance illustrate the _____ needs.

A) physiological
B) belongingness
C) esteem
D) safety

Question 5

According to Maslow, the striving for perfection as the ultimate purpose of behavior is called:

A) personal causation
B) self-actualization
C) human agency
D) fully functioning individual

Question 6

Rogers's idea that a person is accepted and loved regardless of behavior is called:

A) acceptability hypothesis
B) unconditional positive regard
C) motive for competence
D) conditional positive regard

Question 7

According to Rogers, we must have unconditional positive regard to be a _____ individual.

A) competent
B) human agency
C) fully functioning
D) successful

Question 8

According to Maslow, about what percentage of the population in our society reaches self-actualization?

A) 1%
B) 10%
C) 50%
D) nearly 100%

Question 9

Which of the following is not a criticism of Rogers's theory?

A) many of his terms are not operationally defined
B) it has generated a lot of research and discussion
C) it is unclear which conditions enhance growth and which hinder it
D) it is weak empirically and difficult to test

Question 10

Carl Rogers calls the striving to become fully functioning the:

A) conditional positive regard
B) personal causation hypothesis
C) actualizing tendency
D) self determination theory

Question 11

For people living in war zones, which needs of Maslow's hierarchy would be most immediately important?

A) self-actualization
B) belongingness
C) esteem
D) physiological and safety

Question 12

The first two stages in Maslow's hierarchy of needs are:

A) physiological and safety needs
B) physiological and belongingness needs
C) deprivation and growth needs
D) esteem and sense of worth needs

Question 13

The actualizing tendency, according to Rogers, creates:

A) physiological and psychological needs.
B) homeostatic needs
C) needs for positive regard and positive self-regard
D) needs for conditional positive regard

Question 14

Which of the following would NOT be a deprivation need, according to Maslow?

A) beauty
B) esteem
C) safety
D) belongingness

Question 15

The physiological, safety, love or belongingness, and esteem needs are what Maslow called:

A) being needs
B) self-actualization
C) deprivation motivation
D) human agency

Question 16

Researchers who study the persistent motive within individuals to become competent in the environment follow the tradition of:

A) humanistic psychology
B) motivation psychology
C) social psychology
D) experimental psychology

Question 17

According to Rogers:

A) conditional positive regard leads to full functioning
B) conditional positive regard leads to maladaptive behaviors
C) unconditional positive regard leads to maladaptive behaviors
D) whether positive regard is conditional or unconditional has no bearing on future behavior

Question 18

How many human motives has Rogers identified?

A) one
B) two
C) twenty
D) over fifty

Question 19

Which of the following does not belong with the other terms?

A) being needs
B) deprivation needs
C) metamotivation
D) growth motivation

Question 20

According to Maslow:

A) most people reach the stage of self-actualization during adolescence
B) self-actualization is a well-defined state of happiness and fulfillment
C) higher-level needs will not be tended to until lower-level needs are adequately satisfied
D) higher-level needs always take precedence over lower-level needs

Question 21

White and deCharms share which of the following ideas?

A) rewards and punishments are important for the control of behavior
B) everyone strives for self-actualization
C) everyone needs to feel that they have an effect on their environment
D) everyone wants to have an external locus of control

Question 22

According to Bandura, the idea that "capacity to exercise control over the nature and quality of one's life" is called:

A) personal causation
B) competence
C) reciprocal determinism
D) human agency

Question 23

A key concept in Bandura's theory is:

A) reciprocal determinism (causation)
B) origins and pawns
C) self-actualization
D) self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 24

Peak experiences, peak performance and flow are concepts that share some characteristics, although differing in others. Which of the following is the common quality shared by each of these events that is mentioned in the text?

A) specialness of the experience
B) the person remains passive during the experience
C) the person must be active during the experience
D) the person focuses attention on the experience or is absorbed by the experience

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Maslow's theory?

A) only observed in humans
B) problem of reliability
C) criticized as being elitist
D) vagueness in language

Question 26

The "Jonah Complex" would cause people to be:

A) nontranscenders
B) afraid of their own abilities
C) growth motivated individuals
D) afraid of large marine animals

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT an analysis of each need in the Kenrick and colleagues (2010) reformulation of Maslow's need hierarchy?

A) learned social behavior
B) evolutionary significance
C) development trajectory
D) environmental stimuli that trigger each need

Question 28

According to Bandura, which of the following is NOT a core feature of human agency?

A) intentionality
B) forethought
C) self-reactiveness
D) self-determination

Question 29

Kenrick and colleagues (2010) have proposed a reformulated needs hierarchy. Which one of Maslow's needs did they not include in their theory?

A) physiological needs
B) self-actualization
C) esteem
D) safety

Question 30

Kenrick and colleagues (2010) proposed a reformulated theory based on the theory of:

A) Bandura
B) Maslow
C) Seligman
D) Rogers

Question 31

The _____ individual is motivated by motives such as truth, honesty, beauty, and goodness, according to Maslow.

A) happy
B) self-actualized
C) competent
D) fully functioning

Question 32

Privette found that _____ is a quality common to peak experience, peak performance, and flow.

A) competence
B) happiness
C) absorption
D) hard effort

Question 33

DeCharms (1968) suggested that _____ was the underlying principle of all motivated behaviors.

A) self-actualization
B) personal causation
C) personal regard
D) extrinsic motive

Question 34

Two characteristics of the self-actualized person, as measured by Shostrom's inventory, are:

A) self-efficacy and peak experiences
B) time competence and flow
C) perceived control and synergy
D) time competence and less restrictive social pressures than others.

Question 35

Origins are to _____ as Pawns are to _____.

A) noncontrol, control
B) control, noncontrol
C) intrinsic, extrinsic
D) extrinsic, intrinsic

Question 36

Robert White (1959) defined _____ as the capacity to interact effectively with one's environment.

A) competence
B) self-actualization
C) confidency
D) exploration

Question 37

According to White, the intrinsic need to deal competently with the environment is called _____ motivation:

A) self-actualization
B) effectance
C) internal
D) efficiency

Question 38

According to Bandura, the complex interplay between behavior, cognition, and environmental factors is due to:

A) self-actualization
B) competence
C) reciprocal causation
D) positive self-regard

Question 39

Kenrick and colleagues (2010) added three mating needs at the top of their hierarchy. From an _____ viewpoint, successful propagation of one's genes is the ultimate goal.

A) humanistic
B) genetic
C) behavioral
D) evolutionary

Question 40

For some self-actualized people, called transcenders, _____ may become the most important aspect of their lives.

A) problem solving
B) interpersonal relationships
C) peak experiences
D) unconditional positive regard

Question 41

In the self-determination theory of Deci and Ryan, the value or pleasure associated with an activity is called:

A) extrinsic motivation
B) self-actualizing motivation
C) intrinsic motivation
D) reward

Question 42

According to self-determination theory, the development of intrinsic motivation may be facilitated by:

A) meeting one's needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness
B) getting extra rewards for engaging in specific behaviors
C) meeting one's needs for extrinsic motivation
D) feeling controlled by the desires of other people

Question 43

The motivation theory developed by Deci and Ryan is known as _____ theory.

A) self-determination
B) self-actualization
C) self-direction
D) self-absorption

Question 44

The three modes of Bandura's concept of human agency include:

A) personal, proxy, and collective agency
B) reciprocal, self, and personal agency
C) competence, relatedness, autonomy agency
D) personal, relational, collection agency

Question 45

According to Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi, a shortcoming in the field of psychology has been too much emphasis on:

A) research
B) how to treat people who are mentally ill
C) training clinical psychologists
D) developing standardized testing

Question 46

Martin Seligman and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (2000) argued that psychology has been dominated by attempts to _____ rather than nurturing _____ individuals.

A) globalize; personalize
B) develop large theories; sick
C) treat disease; healthy
D) overcome prejudice; diseased

Question 47

According to Seligman, aspects of human character that are valued universally are called:

A) universal truths
B) peak experiences
C) common emotions
D) virtues

Question 48

Which of the following is not one of the three basic needs identified by Deci and Ryan?

A) competence
B) autonomy
C) relatedness
D) self-determination

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT of Seligman's core virtues?

A) wisdom
B) courage
C) honesty
D) humanity

Question 50

Which of the following deals mainly with agency from the perspective of the individual?

A) proxy
B) reciprocal
C) collective
D) personal

Question 51

A new area in psychology that focuses on how people can become happy, fulfilled and psychologically healthy is called:

A) flow psychology
B) clinical psychology
C) positive psychology
D) psychoanalysis

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT one of Bandura's core features of human agency?

A) self-regard
B) intentionality
C) forethought
D) self-reflectiveness

Question 53

_____ motivation emphasizes the goals toward which an activity is directed, while _____ motivation refers to the value or pleasure associated with an activity.

A) Internal; external
B) External; internal
C) Intrinsic; extrinsic
D) Extrinsic; intrinsic

Question 54

One concept that is central to the theories of Rogers, Maslow, White, DeCharms, Bandura, and Deci and Ryan, is the focus on:

A) happiness
B) social learning
C) human growth
D) heredity

Question 55

According to the self-determination theory, behavior that was once the result of _____ factors can become _____ motivated, provided the external motives become internalized, or integrated into one's sense of self.

A) extrinsic; intrinsically
B) social; personally
C) controlling; personally
D) intrinsic; extrinsically

Question 56

The process of focusing one's attention on the moment rather than engaging in pleasure-inducing activity automatically is called:

A) gratification
B) mindfulness
C) hedonia
D) positive psychology

Question 57

When rewards are given for behavior that was previously intrinsically motivated, all of the following are true EXCEPT:

A) intrinsic motivation can be undermined
B) intrinsic motivation is unaffected
C) the person's sense of autonomy may be reduced
D) extrinsic motivation increases

Question 58

Research by Deci and Ryan has shown that when psychological needs are satisfied, all of the following are true EXCEPT that the individual:

A) is motivated towards growth and development
B) becomes lazy and depressed
C) has a sense of control over his or her life
D) develops intrinsic motivation

Question 59

Deci and Ryan have identified which of the following as three basic human needs?

A) competence, self-determination, relatedness
B) ability, autonomy, self-determination
C) competence, relatedness, autonomy
D) competence, control, ability

Question 60

Which one of the following is NOT one of Seligman's aspects of human functioning?

A) positive outlooks
B) positive emotions
C) positive individual traits and virtues
D) positive institutions