Question 1

13.Explain how early caregiver interactions impact individual differences in attachment.

Accepted Answer

The quality of the caregiver-child bond contributes to the child's internal working model of attachment. Individual differences arise from these early connections. Through repeated experiences, children develop working models or views of self and others in relationships. These working models function as templates for future relationship behavior. The models can vary in terms of positivity; in contemporary attachment theory, the individual differences in attachment security are defined in terms of anxiety and avoidance. The self-relevant dimension of anxiety becomes encoded as a result of how consistent and available caregivers are to meet children's need. When caregivers are consistent and available, children develop confident, positive senses of self. When caregivers are inconsistent and unavailable, children feel anxious, insecure, inadequate, and unworthy of others' care and attention. The other-relevant dimension of avoidance becomes encoded as a result of how caregivers respond when children seek proximity: when such efforts are met with love and comfort, children come to believe that others are trustworthy and that they (the children) are valued; on the other hand, punishment and rejection lead children to conclude that others are unreliable and are best avoided.

Question 2

1.What is the Big Five model of personality?

Accepted Answer

There is an emerging consensus that among all the personality traits studied, only five are required to capture individual differences in personality functioning between individuals. These traits are known as the ÒBig FiveÓ and include neuroticism, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and extraversion. The Big Five traits encompass other specific aspects of personality, but each trait is considered a Òhigher orderÓ trait. For example, neuroticism encompasses lower order traits, such as pessimism, anxiety, or hostility.

Question 3

The percentage of children who have an adverse outcome following parental divorce is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  1 to 5 percent 
B)  20 to 30 percent 
C)  40 to 60 percent 
D)  60 to 80 percent 
A)  1 to 5 percent 
B)  20 to 30 percent 
C)  40 to 60 percent 
D)  60 to 80 percent B

Question 4

What are the two distinct ways of thinking about attachment theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  a trait model; an interpersonal motives model 
B)  need for power; need for intimacy 
C)  rewards; costs 
D)  as a universal system; individual differences 
A)  a trait model; an interpersonal motives model 
B)  need for power; need for intimacy 
C)  rewards; costs 
D)  as a universal system; individual differences

Question 5

Which of the following traits is NOT part of the Big Five model of personality?

Accepted Answer

A)  neuroticism 
B)  acquiescence 
C)  openness 
D)  conscientiousness 
A)  neuroticism 
B)  acquiescence 
C)  openness 
D)  conscientiousness

Question 6

Sociologist Paul Amato has studied how the well-being of adults is related to the state of their parents' marriages when the participants were children. Based on his findings, which of the following individuals would you expect to have the LOWEST well-being as adults?

Accepted Answer

A)  Melanie, whose parents frequently argued when she was young and divorced when she was 12 years old 
B)  Phaelan, whose parents' marriage had a lot of discord when he was young but they never divorced 
C)  Bront', whose parents had little discord and never argued but divorced when she was 7 years old 
D)  Beckett, whose parents occasionally argued when he was young but they never divorced 
A)  Melanie, whose parents frequently argued when she was young and divorced when she was 12 years old 
B)  Phaelan, whose parents' marriage had a lot of discord when he was young but they never divorced 
C)  Bront', whose parents had little discord and never argued but divorced when she was 7 years old 
D)  Beckett, whose parents occasionally argued when he was young but they never divorced

Question 7

11.Describe how attitudes toward relationships and marriage differ between individuals whose parents divorced compared to individuals from intact families.

Accepted Answer

Children of divorce exercise more cautio

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT associated with attachment insecurity?

Accepted Answer

A)  high relationship satisfaction 
B)  positive model of self and others 
C)  more positive perceptions of partners 
D)  None of the above are associated with attachment insecurity. 
A)  high relationship satisfaction 
B)  positive model of self and others 
C)  more positive perceptions of partners 
D)  None of the above are associated with attachment insecurity.

Question 9

After being married 6 years, Sarah doesn't get Amanda a gift for her birthday. Your textbook points out that internal working models of attachment affect how we view interpersonal events. Which of the following interpretations about Sarah's behavior might we expect Amanda to make if she is high in both anxiety and avoidance?

Accepted Answer

A)  ÒSarah has been under so much stress at work lately, it's no wonder she didn't have time to get a gift.Ó 
B)  ÒSarah must still be mad at me because I forgot to pick up her dry cleaning last week.Ó 
C)  ÒSarah knows how much rampant consumerism bothers me; it was really considerate of her not to buy anything for me.Ó 
D)  ÒOh well, it's not a big deal.Ó 
A)  ÒSarah has been under so much stress at work lately, it's no wonder she didn't have time to get a gift.Ó 
B)  ÒSarah must still be mad at me because I forgot to pick up her dry cleaning last week.Ó 
C)  ÒSarah knows how much rampant consumerism bothers me; it was really considerate of her not to buy anything for me.Ó 
D)  ÒOh well, it's not a big deal.Ó

Question 10

After two kids and 10 years of marriage, James and Sarah divorce. According to research on divorced families, which of the following statements is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  James and Sarah's grandchildren will be at greater risk for divorce. 
B)  James and Sarah will be better parents following their divorce because they can focus on their children rather than fighting with each other. 
C)  James and Sarah's children will be less well adjusted if their parents' marriage was characterized by high conflict versus low conflict. 
D)  James and Sarah's children are more likely to succeed in their future careers because they value work more than intimate relationships. 
A)  James and Sarah's grandchildren will be at greater risk for divorce. 
B)  James and Sarah will be better parents following their divorce because they can focus on their children rather than fighting with each other. 
C)  James and Sarah's children will be less well adjusted if their parents' marriage was characterized by high conflict versus low conflict. 
D)  James and Sarah's children are more likely to succeed in their future careers because they value work more than intimate relationships.

Question 11

How would attachment theorists classify adults who are low on the self-relevant dimension of anxiety and low on the other-relevant dimension of avoidance?

Accepted Answer

A)  secure 
B)  preoccupied 
C)  dismissive 
D)  fearful 
A)  secure 
B)  preoccupied 
C)  dismissive 
D)  fearful

Question 12

The effects that the family of origin has on who people are as individuals are referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)  intergenerational transmission effects. 
B)  family of origin experiences. 
C)  trait theory. 
D)  interfamilial effects. 
A)  intergenerational transmission effects. 
B)  family of origin experiences. 
C)  trait theory. 
D)  interfamilial effects.

Question 13

In longitudinal studies of outcomes for children of divorced families, one result is that:

Accepted Answer

A)  divorce is much worse for children than exposure to conflict in intact but troubled families. 
B)  experiences in the family prior to divorce affect the well-being of children. 
C)  although divorce doubles the risk of adverse outcomes for children of divorce, most children of divorce eventually do quite well. 
D)  most children do quite well while in intact families, but that always changes when their parents divorce. 
A)  divorce is much worse for children than exposure to conflict in intact but troubled families. 
B)  experiences in the family prior to divorce affect the well-being of children. 
C)  although divorce doubles the risk of adverse outcomes for children of divorce, most children of divorce eventually do quite well. 
D)  most children do quite well while in intact families, but that always changes when their parents divorce.

Question 14

Sociologist Paul Amato has studied how the well-being of adults is related to the state of their parents' marriages when the participants were children. Based on his findings, which of the following individuals would you expect to have the highest well-being as adults?

Accepted Answer

A)  Melanie, whose parents frequently argued when she was young and divorced when she was 12 years old 
B)  Phaelan, whose parents' marriage had a lot of discord when he was young but they never divorced 
C)  Bront', whose parents had little discord and never argued but divorced when she was 7 years old 
D)  Beckett, whose parents occasionally argued when he was young but they never divorced 
A)  Melanie, whose parents frequently argued when she was young and divorced when she was 12 years old 
B)  Phaelan, whose parents' marriage had a lot of discord when he was young but they never divorced 
C)  Bront', whose parents had little discord and never argued but divorced when she was 7 years old 
D)  Beckett, whose parents occasionally argued when he was young but they never divorced

Question 15

Xie's parents have been married 27 years. Growing up, Xie and his parents played board games every Friday night and made each other laugh by making up jokes. Xie, now 23 years old, is in his first serious romantic relationship: he has finally found a woman who shares his quirky sense of humor and love of board games. What phenomenon does Xie's behavior reflect?

Accepted Answer

A)  selection effects 
B)  protection effects 
C)  interdependence effects 
D)  intergenerational transmission effects 
A)  selection effects 
B)  protection effects 
C)  interdependence effects 
D)  intergenerational transmission effects

Question 16

Dr. Andrews is examining whether shyness and assertiveness are related to partner preferences in a study of dating couples. What approach to relationships is Dr. Andrews using?

Accepted Answer

A)  trait approach 
B)  attachment theory 
C)  Big Five approach 
D)  dependency regulation model 
A)  trait approach 
B)  attachment theory 
C)  Big Five approach 
D)  dependency regulation model

Question 17

5.Kadija has never thought much of herself, and she does not think that her partner, Mac, does either. Mac has been preoccupied at work lately, and Kadija thinks that he is drifting away from her. Because of her dissatisfaction, Kadija has been quick to anger, and she and Mac have been arguing a lot. Use the four key phases of the dependency regulation model to explain what is happening in Kadija and Mac's relationship.

Accepted Answer

The dependency regulation model suggests

Question 18

Derek tends to be very critical of his wife, Jane. He worries a lot about his lack of success at work and lately has been very pessimistic about the environment. These behaviors reflect which personality trait?

Accepted Answer

A)  low extraversion 
B)  high attachment anxiety 
C)  high neuroticism 
D)  low agreeableness 
A)  low extraversion 
B)  high attachment anxiety 
C)  high neuroticism 
D)  low agreeableness

Question 19

Sociologist Paul Amato has studied how the well-being of adults is related to the state of their parents' marriages when the participants were children. What best represents the findings of that study?

Accepted Answer

A)  If the parents' marriage ended in divorce, the level of discord had no additional effect on well-being. 
B)  If the parents had a lot of discord, divorce had no additional effect on well-being. 
C)  If the parents had little discord and divorced, or if the parents' marriage had a lot of discord but the couple remained married, the children had the poorest well-being as adults. 
D)  If the parents' marriage had a lot of discord and then ended in divorce, the children had the lowest well-being as adults. 
A)  If the parents' marriage ended in divorce, the level of discord had no additional effect on well-being. 
B)  If the parents had a lot of discord, divorce had no additional effect on well-being. 
C)  If the parents had little discord and divorced, or if the parents' marriage had a lot of discord but the couple remained married, the children had the poorest well-being as adults. 
D)  If the parents' marriage had a lot of discord and then ended in divorce, the children had the lowest well-being as adults.

Question 20

Which of the following is associated with attachment insecurity?

Accepted Answer

A)  poor conflict resolution skills 
B)  high relationship satisfaction 
C)  positive model of self and others 
D)  more positive perceptions of partners 
A)  poor conflict resolution skills 
B)  high relationship satisfaction 
C)  positive model of self and others 
D)  more positive perceptions of partners

13.Explain how early caregiver interactions impact individual differences in attachment.

1.What is the Big Five model of personality?

The percentage of children who have an adverse outcome following parental divorce is ________.

What are the two distinct ways of thinking about attachment theory?

Which of the following traits is NOT part of the Big Five model of personality?

Sociologist Paul Amato has studied how the well-being of adults is related to the state of their parents' marriages when the participants were children. Based on his findings, which of the following individuals would you expect to have the LOWEST well-being as adults?

11.Describe how attitudes toward relationships and marriage differ between individuals whose parents divorced compared to individuals from intact families.

Which of the following is NOT associated with attachment insecurity?

After two kids and 10 years of marriage, James and Sarah divorce. According to research on divorced families, which of the following statements is most accurate?

How would attachment theorists classify adults who are low on the self-relevant dimension of anxiety and low on the other-relevant dimension of avoidance?

The effects that the family of origin has on who people are as individuals are referred to as:

In longitudinal studies of outcomes for children of divorced families, one result is that:

Sociologist Paul Amato has studied how the well-being of adults is related to the state of their parents' marriages when the participants were children. Based on his findings, which of the following individuals would you expect to have the highest well-being as adults?

Dr. Andrews is examining whether shyness and assertiveness are related to partner preferences in a study of dating couples. What approach to relationships is Dr. Andrews using?

Derek tends to be very critical of his wife, Jane. He worries a lot about his lack of success at work and lately has been very pessimistic about the environment. These behaviors reflect which personality trait?

Sociologist Paul Amato has studied how the well-being of adults is related to the state of their parents' marriages when the participants were children. What best represents the findings of that study?

Which of the following is associated with attachment insecurity?

Why Study Intimate Relationships?

Tools of Relationship Science

Theoretical Frameworks

Men and Women, Gay and Straight

Attraction and Mate Selection

Communicating Closeness

Managing Differences

Beliefs and Values

Understanding Each Other

Relationships in Context

Improving Relationships

Relationships Across the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 6: Personality and Personal History

13.Explain how early caregiver interactions impact individual differences in attachment.

1.What is the Big Five model of personality?

The percentage of children who have an adverse outcome following parental divorce is ________.

What are the two distinct ways of thinking about attachment theory?

Which of the following traits is NOT part of the Big Five model of personality?

Sociologist Paul Amato has studied how the well-being of adults is related to the state of their parents' marriages when the participants were children. Based on his findings, which of the following individuals would you expect to have the LOWEST well-being as adults?

11.Describe how attitudes toward relationships and marriage differ between individuals whose parents divorced compared to individuals from intact families.

Which of the following is NOT associated with attachment insecurity?

After two kids and 10 years of marriage, James and Sarah divorce. According to research on divorced families, which of the following statements is most accurate?

How would attachment theorists classify adults who are low on the self-relevant dimension of anxiety and low on the other-relevant dimension of avoidance?

The effects that the family of origin has on who people are as individuals are referred to as:

In longitudinal studies of outcomes for children of divorced families, one result is that:

Sociologist Paul Amato has studied how the well-being of adults is related to the state of their parents' marriages when the participants were children. Based on his findings, which of the following individuals would you expect to have the highest well-being as adults?

Dr. Andrews is examining whether shyness and assertiveness are related to partner preferences in a study of dating couples. What approach to relationships is Dr. Andrews using?

Derek tends to be very critical of his wife, Jane. He worries a lot about his lack of success at work and lately has been very pessimistic about the environment. These behaviors reflect which personality trait?

Sociologist Paul Amato has studied how the well-being of adults is related to the state of their parents' marriages when the participants were children. What best represents the findings of that study?

Which of the following is associated with attachment insecurity?

Why Study Intimate Relationships?

Tools of Relationship Science

Theoretical Frameworks

Men and Women, Gay and Straight

Attraction and Mate Selection

Communicating Closeness

Managing Differences

Beliefs and Values

Understanding Each Other

Relationships in Context

Improving Relationships

Relationships Across the Lifespan

Filters