Question 1

Scientists have direct evidence of the Earth's structure to

Accepted Answer

A) the inner core. 
B) the upper mantle (~250 km (155 mi)). 
C) about 12 km (7.6 mi)from the surface. 
D) 15 km (9.3 mi)from the surface,based on the deepest well shaft. 
E) the Gutenberg discontinuity. 
A) the inner core. 
B) the upper mantle (~250 km (155 mi)). 
C) about 12 km (7.6 mi)from the surface. 
D) 15 km (9.3 mi)from the surface,based on the deepest well shaft. 
E) the Gutenberg discontinuity.

Question 2

During the past 4 million years,_____geomagnetic reversals have occurred.

Accepted Answer

A) 9 
B) 25 
C) 50 
D) 100 
E) 1,000 
A) 9 
B) 25 
C) 50 
D) 100 
E) 1,000

Question 3

Which of the following are located along the mid-ocean ridges?

Accepted Answer

A) volcanoes 
B) outcrops of granite 
C) old oceanic sediments 
D) evaporite deposits 
E) seamounts 
A) volcanoes 
B) outcrops of granite 
C) old oceanic sediments 
D) evaporite deposits 
E) seamounts

Question 4

The three most abundant elements in Earth's crust are

Accepted Answer

A) potassium,sodium,and iron. 
B) magnesium,potassium,and oxygen. 
C) iron,aluminum,and calcium. 
D) oxygen,silicon,and aluminum. 
E) magnesium,iron,and calcium 
A) potassium,sodium,and iron. 
B) magnesium,potassium,and oxygen. 
C) iron,aluminum,and calcium. 
D) oxygen,silicon,and aluminum. 
E) magnesium,iron,and calcium

Question 5

At which of the following locations does subduction occur?

Accepted Answer

A) divergent plate boundaries 
B) at sea floor spreading zones 
C) above mantle hot spots 
D) convergent plate boundaries 
E) along transform plate boundaries 
A) divergent plate boundaries 
B) at sea floor spreading zones 
C) above mantle hot spots 
D) convergent plate boundaries 
E) along transform plate boundaries

Question 6

The percentage of oxygen in the Earth's crust is ______,whereas that in the atmosphere is ________.

Accepted Answer

A) 10%;72% 
B) 5%;50% 
C) 27%;27% 
D) 1.5%;86% 
E) 46%;21% 
A) 10%;72% 
B) 5%;50% 
C) 27%;27% 
D) 1.5%;86% 
E) 46%;21%

Question 7

An element or combination of elements that forms an inorganic,natural compound is called a

Accepted Answer

A) tectonic rock. 
B) granite. 
C) mineral. 
D) molecule. 
E) compound. 
A) tectonic rock. 
B) granite. 
C) mineral. 
D) molecule. 
E) compound.

Question 8

The dominant element in oceanic crust are

Accepted Answer

A) silica and aluminum. 
B) silica and magnesium. 
C) magnesium and aluminum. 
D) potassium and iron. 
E) calcium and iron. 
A) silica and aluminum. 
B) silica and magnesium. 
C) magnesium and aluminum. 
D) potassium and iron. 
E) calcium and iron.

Question 9

Which of the following is not an example of an age-relationship based on absolute dating?

Accepted Answer

A) The oldest known rocks on Earth are 3.96 billion years old. 
B) The Vishnu schist at the bottom of the Grand Canyon is 2 billion years old. 
C) The dinosaurs became extinct 65 million years ago. 
D) The Coconino formation in the Grand Canyon is older than the Kaibab formation. 
E) Fossil records show flowering plants developed during the Cretaceous. 
A) The oldest known rocks on Earth are 3.96 billion years old. 
B) The Vishnu schist at the bottom of the Grand Canyon is 2 billion years old. 
C) The dinosaurs became extinct 65 million years ago. 
D) The Coconino formation in the Grand Canyon is older than the Kaibab formation. 
E) Fossil records show flowering plants developed during the Cretaceous.

Question 10

Metamorphism that occurs when rocks are exposed to the pressure and extreme temperature associated with intruding magma is known as

Accepted Answer

A) contact metamorphism. 
B) regional metamorphism. 
C) intrusive metamorphism. 
D) extrusive metamorphism. 
E) clastic metamorphism. 
A) contact metamorphism. 
B) regional metamorphism. 
C) intrusive metamorphism. 
D) extrusive metamorphism. 
E) clastic metamorphism.

Question 11

Limestone formed from the shells of marine organisms is an example of ____sedimentary rock.

Accepted Answer

A) clastic 
B) biochemical 
C) extrusive 
D) inorganic 
E) contact 
A) clastic 
B) biochemical 
C) extrusive 
D) inorganic 
E) contact

Question 12

The continuous alteration of Earth materials from one rock type to another is known as the

Accepted Answer

A) geologic cycle. 
B) rock cycle. 
C) hydrologic cycle. 
D) tectonic cycle. 
E) biogeochemical cycle. 
A) geologic cycle. 
B) rock cycle. 
C) hydrologic cycle. 
D) tectonic cycle. 
E) biogeochemical cycle.

Question 13

Geomagnetic reversals

Accepted Answer

A) are rapid events in which the magnetic field "blinks" off and on again. 
B) cause in mass species extinctions due to increased cosmic radiation. 
C) are predictable events,occurring at set intervals of 100,000 years. 
D) are caused by rapid tectonic movement. 
E) involve slow diminishments to low intensity and a rapid regaining of full strength. 
A) are rapid events in which the magnetic field "blinks" off and on again. 
B) cause in mass species extinctions due to increased cosmic radiation. 
C) are predictable events,occurring at set intervals of 100,000 years. 
D) are caused by rapid tectonic movement. 
E) involve slow diminishments to low intensity and a rapid regaining of full strength.

Question 14

How does the ocean floor preserve evidence of past magnetic reversals?

Accepted Answer

A) Magnetic particles in basalt orient with the magnetic field in force at the time the oceanic lava cooled and hardened. 
B) Isotopic analysis of ocean core sediments help determine sea floor age and this can be used to infer past magnetism. 
C) The ocean floor is uniformly old,preserving the Earth's 4.6 billion history. 
D) Mantle hot spots are always oriented to the magnetic field. 
E) The oldest oceanic crust is always found near mid-ocean ridges.As one moves out from these ridges,the crust is simultaneously younger and oriented according to the polarity at the time. 
A) Magnetic particles in basalt orient with the magnetic field in force at the time the oceanic lava cooled and hardened. 
B) Isotopic analysis of ocean core sediments help determine sea floor age and this can be used to infer past magnetism. 
C) The ocean floor is uniformly old,preserving the Earth's 4.6 billion history. 
D) Mantle hot spots are always oriented to the magnetic field. 
E) The oldest oceanic crust is always found near mid-ocean ridges.As one moves out from these ridges,the crust is simultaneously younger and oriented according to the polarity at the time.

Question 15

In terms of human-environment interaction,which of the following is an example of an anthropogenic endogenic process contributing to the geologic cycle?

Accepted Answer

A) strip mining 
B) harnessing geothermal energy for electricity development 
C) injection wells contributing to earthquake activity 
D) rock removal for building contributing to land slides 
E) natural hazards,such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions pose dangers to humans 
A) strip mining 
B) harnessing geothermal energy for electricity development 
C) injection wells contributing to earthquake activity 
D) rock removal for building contributing to land slides 
E) natural hazards,such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions pose dangers to humans

Question 16

____are sites of upwelling of magma from the mantle independent of plate boundaries.

Accepted Answer

A) Hot spots 
B) Subduction zones 
C) Transform faults 
D) Mid-ocean ridges 
E) Plate boundaries 
A) Hot spots 
B) Subduction zones 
C) Transform faults 
D) Mid-ocean ridges 
E) Plate boundaries

Question 17

The major rocks of Earth's crust are classified into principal types based on

Accepted Answer

A) element composition. 
B) mineral composition. 
C) the manner in which they formed. 
D) relative and absolute locations. 
E) age and structure. 
A) element composition. 
B) mineral composition. 
C) the manner in which they formed. 
D) relative and absolute locations. 
E) age and structure.

Question 18

Boundaries between intervals of the geological time scale are determined by

Accepted Answer

A) dividing the time range of the interval by the number desired subdivisions,thereby creating equal intervals between the divisions. 
B) major events in the Earth's history,such as major extinctions. 
C) using a quantile method whereby the number of years in each subdivision is determined by dividing the number of years by the desired number of classes. 
D) climatic periods based on paleoclimatological reconstructions. 
E) historical misunderstandings based on the principle of uniformitarianism;they remain as relicts of this bygone scientific period. 
A) dividing the time range of the interval by the number desired subdivisions,thereby creating equal intervals between the divisions. 
B) major events in the Earth's history,such as major extinctions. 
C) using a quantile method whereby the number of years in each subdivision is determined by dividing the number of years by the desired number of classes. 
D) climatic periods based on paleoclimatological reconstructions. 
E) historical misunderstandings based on the principle of uniformitarianism;they remain as relicts of this bygone scientific period.

Question 19

Which of the following is correct regarding continental drift?

Accepted Answer

A) It occurred about two billion years ago,but no longer occurs today. 
B) The term "continental drift" is now called plate tectonics. 
C) It does not occur because the crust is brittle. 
D) It is an old theory that has been essentially disproven. 
E) It wasn't hypothesized until late in the 20th Century. 
A) It occurred about two billion years ago,but no longer occurs today. 
B) The term "continental drift" is now called plate tectonics. 
C) It does not occur because the crust is brittle. 
D) It is an old theory that has been essentially disproven. 
E) It wasn't hypothesized until late in the 20th Century.

Question 20

Which of the following is correct?

Accepted Answer

A) Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust and dominated by silica and magnesium. 
B) Continental crust is denser than oceanic crust and dominated by silica and aluminum. 
C) Oceanic crust is less dense than continental crust and dominated by silica and aluminum. 
D) Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust and dominated by silica and magnesium. 
E) The density of continental and oceanic crust is roughly even,though the density varies in both time and space. 
A) Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust and dominated by silica and magnesium. 
B) Continental crust is denser than oceanic crust and dominated by silica and aluminum. 
C) Oceanic crust is less dense than continental crust and dominated by silica and aluminum. 
D) Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust and dominated by silica and magnesium. 
E) The density of continental and oceanic crust is roughly even,though the density varies in both time and space.

Scientists have direct evidence of the Earth's structure to

During the past 4 million years,_____geomagnetic reversals have occurred.

Which of the following are located along the mid-ocean ridges?

The three most abundant elements in Earth's crust are

At which of the following locations does subduction occur?

The percentage of oxygen in the Earth's crust is ,whereas that in the atmosphere is __.

An element or combination of elements that forms an inorganic,natural compound is called a

The dominant element in oceanic crust are

Which of the following is not an example of an age-relationship based on absolute dating?

Metamorphism that occurs when rocks are exposed to the pressure and extreme temperature associated with intruding magma is known as

Limestone formed from the shells of marine organisms is an example of ____sedimentary rock.

The continuous alteration of Earth materials from one rock type to another is known as the

Geomagnetic reversals

How does the ocean floor preserve evidence of past magnetic reversals?

In terms of human-environment interaction,which of the following is an example of an anthropogenic endogenic process contributing to the geologic cycle?

____are sites of upwelling of magma from the mantle independent of plate boundaries.

The major rocks of Earth's crust are classified into principal types based on

Boundaries between intervals of the geological time scale are determined by

Which of the following is correct regarding continental drift?

Which of the following is correct?

Essentials of Geography

Solar Energy to Earth and the Seasons

Earth’s Atmosphere

Atmospheric Energy and Global Temperatures

Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulations

Water and Atmospheric Moisture

Weather

Water Resources

Earth’s Climatic Regions

Climate Change

Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Volcanism

Weathering, Karst Landscapes, and Mass Movement

River Systems

Aeolian Processes and Arid Landscapes

Oceans and Coastal Systems

Glacial Landscapes and the Cryosphere

The Geography of Soils

Ecosystem Essentials

Terrestrial Biomes

Filters

Exam 11: The Dynamic Planet

Scientists have direct evidence of the Earth's structure to

During the past 4 million years,_____geomagnetic reversals have occurred.

Which of the following are located along the mid-ocean ridges?

The three most abundant elements in Earth's crust are

At which of the following locations does subduction occur?

The percentage of oxygen in the Earth's crust is ______,whereas that in the atmosphere is ________.

An element or combination of elements that forms an inorganic,natural compound is called a

The dominant element in oceanic crust are

Which of the following is not an example of an age-relationship based on absolute dating?

Metamorphism that occurs when rocks are exposed to the pressure and extreme temperature associated with intruding magma is known as

Limestone formed from the shells of marine organisms is an example of ____sedimentary rock.

The continuous alteration of Earth materials from one rock type to another is known as the

Geomagnetic reversals

How does the ocean floor preserve evidence of past magnetic reversals?

In terms of human-environment interaction,which of the following is an example of an anthropogenic endogenic process contributing to the geologic cycle?

____are sites of upwelling of magma from the mantle independent of plate boundaries.

The major rocks of Earth's crust are classified into principal types based on

Boundaries between intervals of the geological time scale are determined by

Which of the following is correct regarding continental drift?

Which of the following is correct?

Essentials of Geography

Solar Energy to Earth and the Seasons

Earth’s Atmosphere

Atmospheric Energy and Global Temperatures

Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulations

Water and Atmospheric Moisture

Weather

Water Resources

Earth’s Climatic Regions

Climate Change

Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Volcanism

Weathering, Karst Landscapes, and Mass Movement

River Systems

Aeolian Processes and Arid Landscapes

Oceans and Coastal Systems

Glacial Landscapes and the Cryosphere

The Geography of Soils

Ecosystem Essentials

Terrestrial Biomes

Filters

The percentage of oxygen in the Earth's crust is ,whereas that in the atmosphere is __.