Exam 11: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

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Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is likely the most well-known treatment approach for alcohol problems and reaches more alcohol-dependent individuals than any other treatment organization. AA is a self-help group whose philosophy is based on the disease model. There are no professional trained staff (e.g, psychologists) running the groups. The goal of treatment is complete abstinence. AA members believe that there is no cure for alcohol use disorder, and that they are powerless to control their drinking and must depend on a Higher Power to help them. The twelve steps define the philosophy and are read at each meeting. Members are encouraged to attend meetings often, and the social support and encouragement provided at the meeting place is viewed as an important component of the success of this form of treatment.

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Alcohol use is influenced by various social and cultural factors, including family values, attitudes, and expectations. Individuals who are introduced to drinking in environments where excessive drinking is socially acceptable or encouraged face greater risk of developing drinking problems. Cultural and family traditions interact to determine attitudes and behaviour toward drinking. If rates of alcohol use disorder in different countries are compared, patterns of drinking differ widely. For example, In France, daily drinking is common and alcohol-dependent individuals tend to be steady drinkers who rarely lose control but are prone to physical problems. In England, Ireland, and North America, alcohol use disorder is often manifested in heavy drinking binges, loss of control, and adverse negative consequences. In Italy, where drinking tends to be limited to mealtimes and consumption is limited, rates of alcohol use disorder are much lower. Muslim countries often prohibit drinking on religious grounds, and alcohol use disorder rates are very low. Thus, an individual's culture, family, and social values will interact to determine attitudes towards alcohol and drinking.