Exam 5: Learning

Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed, and negative reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are applied.

__________ is Robert Rescorla's viewpoint that suggests that learning occurs only when a conditioned stimulus (CS) provides information about an unconditioned stimulus (US).

Asha has a fear of darkness. To extinguish this fear, she is placed in a dark room ensuring that she suffers no harm in the process. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to reduce Asha's fear of the dark?

The evolutionary perspective suggests that animals are biologically prepared to develop taste aversions that are adaptive in their environments.

Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?

In the context of reinforcement schedules, if you were only paid for every individual webpage that you create you are being paid on a __________.

According to cognitive psychologists, _________.

In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because:

With respect to classical conditioning, the cognitive focus is about how well an organism can predict what will come next.

The readiness to acquire a certain kind of conditioned response due to the biological makeup of the organism is known as _________.

Positive reinforcement _______ the probability of a behavior occurring, and negative reinforcement _______ the probability of a behavior occurring.

Identify a true statement about taste aversions.

________ refers to an unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus.

In classical conditioning. Extinction is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur.

According to cognitive theorists, ________ is the process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way they represent the environment because of experience.

In experiments on the extinction of conditioned responses, Pavlov found that repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus led to __________ of the conditioned response.

These neurons fire when an animal observes the behavior of another animal and that behavior stimulates imitative behavior in the first animal.

Which of the following statements is true of classical conditioning?

Johnny has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Johnny also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. In the given scenario, the development of Johnny's fear of bright lights is due to ________.

Walda's father is a gardener. She has been watching her father work for many years. She now has her own garden. Though she has never been taught the art of gardening, she is very good at it. In this scenario, Walda acquired gardening skills by the process of ________.