Question 1

Compare and contrast nonspecific and specific immune mechanisms. Provide at least two examples of each.

Accepted Answer

The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against harmful pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. There are two main types of immune mechanisms: nonspecific (innate) and specific (adaptive) immunity.

Nonspecific immune mechanisms provide immediate, general protection against a wide range of pathogens. These mechanisms include physical barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes, as well as cellular and chemical defenses such as phagocytic cells (e.g. macrophages and neutrophils) and inflammatory responses. An example of nonspecific immunity is the inflammatory response to a cut or injury, which helps to prevent infection and promote healing. Another example is the production of antimicrobial proteins such as defensins, which can kill a wide range of pathogens.

Specific immune mechanisms, on the other hand, provide targeted protection against specific pathogens. This type of immunity involves the recognition of specific antigens (molecules on the surface of pathogens) by specialized cells called lymphocytes, which then mount a tailored response to eliminate the pathogen. Examples of specific immunity include the production of antibodies by B cells, which can neutralize and eliminate specific pathogens, and the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which can directly kill infected cells. Another example is the development of immunological memory, which allows the immune system to mount a faster and more effective response upon re-exposure to a previously encountered pathogen.

In summary, nonspecific immune mechanisms provide immediate, general protection against a wide range of pathogens, while specific immune mechanisms provide targeted protection against specific pathogens and can develop immunological memory. Both types of immunity work together to provide a comprehensive defense against infectious agents.

Question 2

Conditions associated with diabetes include

Accepted Answer

A)  blindness. 
B)  kidney failure. 
C)  coronary heart disease. 
D)  nervous system damage. 
E)  All of these answers are correct. 
A)  blindness. 
B)  kidney failure. 
C)  coronary heart disease. 
D)  nervous system damage. 
E)  All of these answers are correct. E

Question 3

Regulation of the autonomic nervous system occurs via the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

The nervous system as a whole consists of the ______________ and the _______________.

Accepted Answer

A)  brain; spinal cord 
B)  central nervous system; peripheral nervous system 
C)  somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system 
D)  sensory nervous system; motor nervous system 
E)  brain; central nervous system 
A)  brain; spinal cord 
B)  central nervous system; peripheral nervous system 
C)  somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system 
D)  sensory nervous system; motor nervous system 
E)  brain; central nervous system

Question 5

Angina pectoris is most likely to occur when a clot has developed in a coronary vessel and blocks the flow of blood to the heart.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

The release of steroids via the adrenal cortex is stimulated by

Accepted Answer

A)  epinephrine and norepinephrine. 
B)  glucocorticoids. 
C)  thyrotropic hormone (TSH). 
D)  adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). 
E)  vasopressin. 
A)  epinephrine and norepinephrine. 
B)  glucocorticoids. 
C)  thyrotropic hormone (TSH). 
D)  adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). 
E)  vasopressin.

Question 7

The adrenal cortex produces _______________ in response to stress.

Accepted Answer

A)  epinephrine and norepinephrine 
B)  glucocorticoids 
C)  endogenous opioids 
D)  ACTH 
E)  oxytocin 
A)  epinephrine and norepinephrine 
B)  glucocorticoids 
C)  endogenous opioids 
D)  ACTH 
E)  oxytocin

Question 8

The activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis most closely resembles the ___________ model of stress.

Accepted Answer

A)  fight or flight 
B)  tend and befriend 
C)  general adaptation syndrome 
D)  primary appraisal 
E)  sympathetic arousal 
A)  fight or flight 
B)  tend and befriend 
C)  general adaptation syndrome 
D)  primary appraisal 
E)  sympathetic arousal

Question 9

Autoimmunity may be implicated in

Accepted Answer

A)  systemic lupus erythematosis. 
B)  arthritis. 
C)  multiple sclerosis. 
D)  molecular mimicry. 
E)  All of these answers are correct. 
A)  systemic lupus erythematosis. 
B)  arthritis. 
C)  multiple sclerosis. 
D)  molecular mimicry. 
E)  All of these answers are correct.

Question 10

Antigens are proteins produced in response to stimulation by antibodies.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

The peripheral nervous system consists of the _______________ and the _______________.

Accepted Answer

A)  brain; spinal cord 
B)  central nervous system; peripheral nervous system 
C)  somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system 
D)  forebrain; hindbrain 
E)  somatic nervous system; peripheral nervous system 
A)  brain; spinal cord 
B)  central nervous system; peripheral nervous system 
C)  somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system 
D)  forebrain; hindbrain 
E)  somatic nervous system; peripheral nervous system

Question 12

The gene for _______________ has been identified. This allows for at-risk individuals to be tested to ascertain whether they are carriers of this hereditary disorder characterized by chronic physical and mental deterioration due to damaged brain cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  Epilepsy 
B)  Myasthenia gravis 
C)  Multiple sclerosis 
D)  Parkinson's disease 
E)  Huntington's disease 
A)  Epilepsy 
B)  Myasthenia gravis 
C)  Multiple sclerosis 
D)  Parkinson's disease 
E)  Huntington's disease

Question 13

Some individuals are unable to produce thromboplastin and fibrin. This condition is associated with a clotting disorder called

Accepted Answer

A)  arteriosclerosis. 
B)  anemia. 
C)  leukopenia. 
D)  hemophilia. 
E)  erythrocytosis. 
A)  arteriosclerosis. 
B)  anemia. 
C)  leukopenia. 
D)  hemophilia. 
E)  erythrocytosis.

Question 14

Infectious disorders

Accepted Answer

A)  are acute problems that end when their course has run. 
B)  that are kept in control through hygiene may have paradoxically increased the rates of these disorders. 
C)  are not linked to the development of any chronic diseases. 
D)  attack only lymphatic tissue. 
E)  All of these are traits of infectious disorders. 
A)  are acute problems that end when their course has run. 
B)  that are kept in control through hygiene may have paradoxically increased the rates of these disorders. 
C)  are not linked to the development of any chronic diseases. 
D)  attack only lymphatic tissue. 
E)  All of these are traits of infectious disorders.

Question 15

Humoral immunity is mediated by

Accepted Answer

A)  B cells. 
B)  helper and suppressor T cells. 
C)  B cells and helper and suppressor T cells. 
D)  phagocytosis. 
E)  T cells. 
A)  B cells. 
B)  helper and suppressor T cells. 
C)  B cells and helper and suppressor T cells. 
D)  phagocytosis. 
E)  T cells.

Question 16

The spleen

Accepted Answer

A)  secretes insulin and bile into the bloodstream. 
B)  produces neurotransmitters and corticosteroids. 
C)  aids in the production of B and T cells and filters the blood. 
D)  is primarily a vestigial organ. 
E)  is a vermiform organ. 
A)  secretes insulin and bile into the bloodstream. 
B)  produces neurotransmitters and corticosteroids. 
C)  aids in the production of B and T cells and filters the blood. 
D)  is primarily a vestigial organ. 
E)  is a vermiform organ.

Question 17

The _______________ nervous system mobilizes the body in response to stress; the _______________ nervous system controls the activities of the visceral organs under normal conditions.

Accepted Answer

A)  parasympathetic; sympathetic 
B)  sympathetic; parasympathetic 
C)  somatic; autonomic 
D)  autonomic; peripheral 
E)  sympathetic; peripheral 
A)  parasympathetic; sympathetic 
B)  sympathetic; parasympathetic 
C)  somatic; autonomic 
D)  autonomic; peripheral 
E)  sympathetic; peripheral

Question 18

Mark has been preparing for his graduate school entrance exam for several weeks and is very nervous about how he will perform. In addition to this stress, his girlfriend Jasmine is getting concerned that Mark has not been able to perform in the bedroom lately either. Mark's sexual difficulties due to stress are likely due to the involvement of his ___________ in the stress response.

Accepted Answer

A)  hypothalamus 
B)  adrenal medulla 
C)  limbic system 
D)  pituitary gland 
E)  parietal lobe 
A)  hypothalamus 
B)  adrenal medulla 
C)  limbic system 
D)  pituitary gland 
E)  parietal lobe

Question 19

The _______________ is an important transition centre between the thoughts generated in the cerebral cortex of the brain and their impact on internal organs.

Accepted Answer

A)  forebrain 
B)  hindbrain 
C)  hypothalamus 
D)  medulla 
E)  primary somatic sensory cortex 
A)  forebrain 
B)  hindbrain 
C)  hypothalamus 
D)  medulla 
E)  primary somatic sensory cortex

Question 20

Type I diabetes

Accepted Answer

A)  typically occurs after age 40. 
B)  is a condition that occurs when the body fails to produce enough insulin. 
C)  is a condition that occurs when the body is not sufficiently responsive to insulin. 
D)  is primarily managed through dietary and exercise regimens. 
E)  disproportionately affects white males. 
A)  typically occurs after age 40. 
B)  is a condition that occurs when the body fails to produce enough insulin. 
C)  is a condition that occurs when the body is not sufficiently responsive to insulin. 
D)  is primarily managed through dietary and exercise regimens. 
E)  disproportionately affects white males.

Compare and contrast nonspecific and specific immune mechanisms. Provide at least two examples of each.

Conditions associated with diabetes include

Regulation of the autonomic nervous system occurs via the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

The nervous system as a whole consists of the and the _.

Angina pectoris is most likely to occur when a clot has developed in a coronary vessel and blocks the flow of blood to the heart.

The release of steroids via the adrenal cortex is stimulated by

The adrenal cortex produces _______________ in response to stress.

The activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis most closely resembles the ___________ model of stress.

Autoimmunity may be implicated in

Antigens are proteins produced in response to stimulation by antibodies.

The peripheral nervous system consists of the _ and the _.

The gene for _______________ has been identified. This allows for at-risk individuals to be tested to ascertain whether they are carriers of this hereditary disorder characterized by chronic physical and mental deterioration due to damaged brain cells.

Some individuals are unable to produce thromboplastin and fibrin. This condition is associated with a clotting disorder called

Infectious disorders

Humoral immunity is mediated by

The spleen

The _ nervous system mobilizes the body in response to stress; the _ nervous system controls the activities of the visceral organs under normal conditions.

The _______________ is an important transition centre between the thoughts generated in the cerebral cortex of the brain and their impact on internal organs.

Type I diabetes

What Is Health Psychology

Health Behaviors

Health-Promoting Behaviors

Health-Compromising Behaviors

Stress

Coping, Resilience, and Social Support

Using Health Services

Patients, Providers, and Treatments

The Management of Pain and Discomfort

Management of Chronic Health Disorders

Psychological Issues in Advancing and Terminal Illness

Heart Disease, Hypertension, Stroke, and Type 2 Diabetes

Psychoneuroimmunology and Immune-Related Disorders

Health Psychology: Challenges for the Future

Filters

Exam 2: The Systems of the Body

Compare and contrast nonspecific and specific immune mechanisms. Provide at least two examples of each.

Conditions associated with diabetes include

Regulation of the autonomic nervous system occurs via the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

The nervous system as a whole consists of the ______________ and the _______________.

Angina pectoris is most likely to occur when a clot has developed in a coronary vessel and blocks the flow of blood to the heart.

The release of steroids via the adrenal cortex is stimulated by

The adrenal cortex produces _______________ in response to stress.

The activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis most closely resembles the ___________ model of stress.

Autoimmunity may be implicated in

Antigens are proteins produced in response to stimulation by antibodies.

The peripheral nervous system consists of the _______________ and the _______________.

The gene for _______________ has been identified. This allows for at-risk individuals to be tested to ascertain whether they are carriers of this hereditary disorder characterized by chronic physical and mental deterioration due to damaged brain cells.

Some individuals are unable to produce thromboplastin and fibrin. This condition is associated with a clotting disorder called

Infectious disorders

Humoral immunity is mediated by

The spleen

The _______________ nervous system mobilizes the body in response to stress; the _______________ nervous system controls the activities of the visceral organs under normal conditions.

The _______________ is an important transition centre between the thoughts generated in the cerebral cortex of the brain and their impact on internal organs.

Type I diabetes

What Is Health Psychology

Health Behaviors

Health-Promoting Behaviors

Health-Compromising Behaviors

Stress

Coping, Resilience, and Social Support

Using Health Services

Patients, Providers, and Treatments

The Management of Pain and Discomfort

Management of Chronic Health Disorders

Psychological Issues in Advancing and Terminal Illness

Heart Disease, Hypertension, Stroke, and Type 2 Diabetes

Psychoneuroimmunology and Immune-Related Disorders

Health Psychology: Challenges for the Future

Filters

The nervous system as a whole consists of the and the _.

The peripheral nervous system consists of the _ and the _.

The _ nervous system mobilizes the body in response to stress; the _ nervous system controls the activities of the visceral organs under normal conditions.