Exam 4: Prenatal Development and Birth

Alice is pregnant and wants to ensure that she does everything she can to prevent the occurrence of a neural-tube defect in her child. She makes sure that she has the proper amount of _____ in her diet.

A threshold effect means that some teratogens are virtually harmless until exposure reaches a certain level, at which point they become damaging.

The frequency of low birthweight in the United States decreased throughout most of the twentieth century, and then it _____ in the 1990s and early 2000s.

Home births are more common in European nations than in the United States.

Compared to vaginal births, c-section births _____.

Prenatally, development happens in a "near-to-far" pattern known as _____.

_____ is a form of newborn care in which mothers (and sometimes fathers) rest their babies on their naked chests.

When Alexia was born, she had a lack of oxygen for a small amount of time. Alexia experienced _____.

The strong, loving bond that forms as parents hold and feed their newborn is known as couvade.

In what percentage of births in the United States are cesarean sections performed?

Statistically, which woman has characteristics that make her likely to have a baby with low birthweight?

A surgical birth, in which incisions through the mother's abdomen and uterus allow the fetus to be removed quickly, is referred to as a(n) _____.

Embryos exposed to large amounts of alcohol may develop fetal alcohol syndrome.

Fathers do not seem to have any impact on birthweight outcomes.

Doulas have been shown to have little benefit in helping women during the birth process.

Agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child's intellectual and emotional functioning, are called _____.

Which of the following characteristics of newborns' appearance affect adults' brain activity and heart rate?

_____ is the term for a baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected, given the time since conception.

The stage of prenatal development that lasts from the ninth week after conception until birth is the _____ period.

Which term refers to an involuntary response to a particular stimulus?