Question 1

When describing memory, _____ is the first component required in the process necessary for retention.

Accepted Answer

A)  storage 
B)  retrieval 
C)  top-down processing 
D)  encoding 
A)  storage 
B)  retrieval 
C)  top-down processing 
D)  encoding D

Question 2

According to Young et al.'s social-cognitive model, other-race faces are processed in a _____ manner, indicating that the facial components are viewed independently.

Accepted Answer

A)  mono-directed 
B)  consecutive-array 
C)  feature-based 
D)  hybrid-menu 
A)  mono-directed 
B)  consecutive-array 
C)  feature-based 
D)  hybrid-menu C

Question 3

Which statement about cross-race effects in identification is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  In lineups, within-race accuracy has proven to be worse than cross-race effects. 
B)  Cross-race effects do not seem to vary by any particular ethnic group. 
C)  Cross-race effects are found in babies as young as nine months and are stable throughout life. 
D)  Contact over time does seem to reverse cross-race effects. 
A)  In lineups, within-race accuracy has proven to be worse than cross-race effects. 
B)  Cross-race effects do not seem to vary by any particular ethnic group. 
C)  Cross-race effects are found in babies as young as nine months and are stable throughout life. 
D)  Contact over time does seem to reverse cross-race effects. A

Question 4

Experts refer to the phenomenon of recalling only some aspects of a scene, which causes one to omit other aspects of that same scene, as:

Accepted Answer

A)  selective amnesia. 
B)  retrieval inhibition. 
C)  recollection distribution. 
D)  fractured recall. 
A)  selective amnesia. 
B)  retrieval inhibition. 
C)  recollection distribution. 
D)  fractured recall.

Question 5

Explain the 2001 Guidelines suggested by the Sophonow Inquiry and whether they can realistically result in best practices for eyewitness accuracy.

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary on how effective these

Question 6

Which statement about stress and identification is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Important or arousing events may be vivid in memory but not necessarily accurate. 
B)  In a mock interrogation study, high stress was correlated with more accurate identifications. 
C)  Under stress, fear impedes the accurate coding of perception details. 
D)  Identifications may be compromised if a weapon is present because it detracts focus. 
A)  Important or arousing events may be vivid in memory but not necessarily accurate. 
B)  In a mock interrogation study, high stress was correlated with more accurate identifications. 
C)  Under stress, fear impedes the accurate coding of perception details. 
D)  Identifications may be compromised if a weapon is present because it detracts focus.

Question 7

Discuss the guidelines for evaluating eyewitness testimony and ways they might be improved or updated.

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary by improvements and up

Question 8

Which cause of wrongful convictions is the LEAST likely of the four discussed by the authors?

Accepted Answer

A)  forensic science problems 
B)  eyewitness misidentification 
C)  false confessions 
D)  faulty informant testimony 
A)  forensic science problems 
B)  eyewitness misidentification 
C)  false confessions 
D)  faulty informant testimony

Question 9

As the authors point out, witnesses' certainty may be inflated by two factors:

Accepted Answer

A)  concerns about safety and a previous history of case testimony. 
B)  biased questioning and poor lineup procedures. 
C)  previous victimizations and media attention. 
D)  witnesses' age and confidence in the criminal justice system. 
A)  concerns about safety and a previous history of case testimony. 
B)  biased questioning and poor lineup procedures. 
C)  previous victimizations and media attention. 
D)  witnesses' age and confidence in the criminal justice system.

Question 10

The reassignment of a face that is familiar from another context to the scene of a crime is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)  retrieval inhibition. 
B)  script replacement. . 
C)  inter-race bias. 
D)  unconscious transference. 
A)  retrieval inhibition. 
B)  script replacement. . 
C)  inter-race bias. 
D)  unconscious transference.

Question 11

Which statement is NOT an error by police noted in the investigation into the murder of Barbara Stoppel?

Accepted Answer

A)  The inability to find a murder weapon led to a significant delay before eyewitnesses could identify suspects. 
B)  The picture of the defendant shown to eyewitnesses was significantly different from others. 
C)  The lineup did not include others of similar height to the defendant. 
D)  Media images of the defendant may have unduly influenced eyewitnesses. 
A)  The inability to find a murder weapon led to a significant delay before eyewitnesses could identify suspects. 
B)  The picture of the defendant shown to eyewitnesses was significantly different from others. 
C)  The lineup did not include others of similar height to the defendant. 
D)  Media images of the defendant may have unduly influenced eyewitnesses.

Question 12

According to Young et al.'s social-cognitive model, same-race faces are processed in a _____ manner, indicating that the face is viewed as a unified whole.

Accepted Answer

A)  synchronistic 
B)  coordinated 
C)  configural 
D)  holistic 
A)  synchronistic 
B)  coordinated 
C)  configural 
D)  holistic

Question 13

Which is NOT one of the criteria for evaluating eyewitness evidence used in Canada's guidelines?

Accepted Answer

A)  the seriousness of the crime being observed 
B)  the circumstances of the procedure used to obtain an identification 
C)  the reliability of the witness 
D)  the description of the observation given 
A)  the seriousness of the crime being observed 
B)  the circumstances of the procedure used to obtain an identification 
C)  the reliability of the witness 
D)  the description of the observation given

Question 14

According to the text, which statement concerning guidelines for evaluating eyewitness testimony is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Judges are cautioned against deviating from model instructions and referring specifically to the case at hand. 
B)  Jury instructions for weighing eyewitness testimony are difficult to apply to actual crimes. 
C)  Under stress, witnesses consistently overestimate the duration of a brief event. 
D)  Eyewitness certainty is not a reliable indicator of accuracy. 
A)  Judges are cautioned against deviating from model instructions and referring specifically to the case at hand. 
B)  Jury instructions for weighing eyewitness testimony are difficult to apply to actual crimes. 
C)  Under stress, witnesses consistently overestimate the duration of a brief event. 
D)  Eyewitness certainty is not a reliable indicator of accuracy.

Question 15

What is NOT one of the criteria set up in R. v. Clark for evaluating the admissibility of post-hypnotic evidence?

Accepted Answer

A)  The hypnotist should not use leading questions or suggestive body language. 
B)  The interview should be recorded 
C)  The hypnotist should be fully versed in the case but carry no notes into the session. 
D)  The interview should only be conducted by an independent, qualified professional. 
A)  The hypnotist should not use leading questions or suggestive body language. 
B)  The interview should be recorded 
C)  The hypnotist should be fully versed in the case but carry no notes into the session. 
D)  The interview should only be conducted by an independent, qualified professional.

Question 16

Canadian researchers studying the weapon focus effect argue that it would also be important to consider the counter-hypothesis of the:

Accepted Answer

A)  meta-analysis effect. 
B)  conscious transference effect. 
C)  unusual item effect. 
D)  delayed panic effect. 
A)  meta-analysis effect. 
B)  conscious transference effect. 
C)  unusual item effect. 
D)  delayed panic effect.

Question 17

The tendency for biased responses to distort the memory of eyewitnesses is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  tainted scripts. 
B)  unconscious transference. 
C)  post-identification feedback effect. 
D)  heuristics. 
A)  tainted scripts. 
B)  unconscious transference. 
C)  post-identification feedback effect. 
D)  heuristics.

Question 18

The memory is often described as having the following components:

Accepted Answer

A)  encoding, storage, retrieval. 
B)  selection, identification, access. 
C)  processing, viewing, retrieval 
D)  processing, encoding, access. 
A)  encoding, storage, retrieval. 
B)  selection, identification, access. 
C)  processing, viewing, retrieval 
D)  processing, encoding, access.

Question 19

When the eyewitness is a child, the accuracy of information he or she can provide from a lineup or photograph spread is:

Accepted Answer

A)  more accurate than an adult. 
B)  less accurate than an adult. 
C)  as accurate as an adult only if the suspect is actually presented. 
D)  more accurate under high stress, unlike adults. 
A)  more accurate than an adult. 
B)  less accurate than an adult. 
C)  as accurate as an adult only if the suspect is actually presented. 
D)  more accurate under high stress, unlike adults.

Question 20

According to the text, cross-examination does not seem to be effective at rooting out eyewitness mistakes primarily because:

Accepted Answer

A)  The prosecution can always come back after cross-examination and rehabilitate the witness. 
B)  Most jurors have already made up their minds about the testimony before cross-examination. 
C)  The eyewitness is hard to undermine if they honestly believe they are telling the truth. 
D)  The judge is not likely to allow eyewitnesses to be badgered in a cross-examination. 
A)  The prosecution can always come back after cross-examination and rehabilitate the witness. 
B)  Most jurors have already made up their minds about the testimony before cross-examination. 
C)  The eyewitness is hard to undermine if they honestly believe they are telling the truth. 
D)  The judge is not likely to allow eyewitnesses to be badgered in a cross-examination.

When describing memory, _____ is the first component required in the process necessary for retention.

According to Young et al.'s social-cognitive model, other-race faces are processed in a _____ manner, indicating that the facial components are viewed independently.

Which statement about cross-race effects in identification is FALSE?

Experts refer to the phenomenon of recalling only some aspects of a scene, which causes one to omit other aspects of that same scene, as:

Explain the 2001 Guidelines suggested by the Sophonow Inquiry and whether they can realistically result in best practices for eyewitness accuracy.

Which statement about stress and identification is FALSE?

Discuss the guidelines for evaluating eyewitness testimony and ways they might be improved or updated.

Which cause of wrongful convictions is the LEAST likely of the four discussed by the authors?

As the authors point out, witnesses' certainty may be inflated by two factors:

The reassignment of a face that is familiar from another context to the scene of a crime is referred to as:

Which statement is NOT an error by police noted in the investigation into the murder of Barbara Stoppel?

According to Young et al.'s social-cognitive model, same-race faces are processed in a _____ manner, indicating that the face is viewed as a unified whole.

Which is NOT one of the criteria for evaluating eyewitness evidence used in Canada's guidelines?

According to the text, which statement concerning guidelines for evaluating eyewitness testimony is FALSE?

What is NOT one of the criteria set up in R. v. Clark for evaluating the admissibility of post-hypnotic evidence?

Canadian researchers studying the weapon focus effect argue that it would also be important to consider the counter-hypothesis of the:

The tendency for biased responses to distort the memory of eyewitnesses is known as:

The memory is often described as having the following components:

When the eyewitness is a child, the accuracy of information he or she can provide from a lineup or photograph spread is:

According to the text, cross-examination does not seem to be effective at rooting out eyewitness mistakes primarily because:

Psychology and the Law: a Cautious Alliance

Interrogations and Confessions

Lie Detection

Criminal Profiling

Interviewing Children and Memories of Sexual Abuse

Jury Selection

Juries and Judges As Decision Makers

Fitness to Stand Trial and Criminal Responsibility

Predicting Violent Behaviour and Risk Assessment

Corrections: Sentencing, Imprisonment, and Alternatives

Battered Women Syndrome and Syndrome Evidence

Role of Psychology in the Civil Area: Child Custody Disputes, Parental Competence, Workplace Law

Filters

Exam 5: Eyewitness Identification and Testimony

When describing memory, _____ is the first component required in the process necessary for retention.

According to Young et al.'s social-cognitive model, other-race faces are processed in a _____ manner, indicating that the facial components are viewed independently.

Which statement about cross-race effects in identification is FALSE?

Experts refer to the phenomenon of recalling only some aspects of a scene, which causes one to omit other aspects of that same scene, as:

Explain the 2001 Guidelines suggested by the Sophonow Inquiry and whether they can realistically result in best practices for eyewitness accuracy.

Which statement about stress and identification is FALSE?

Discuss the guidelines for evaluating eyewitness testimony and ways they might be improved or updated.

Which cause of wrongful convictions is the LEAST likely of the four discussed by the authors?

As the authors point out, witnesses' certainty may be inflated by two factors:

The reassignment of a face that is familiar from another context to the scene of a crime is referred to as:

Which statement is NOT an error by police noted in the investigation into the murder of Barbara Stoppel?

According to Young et al.'s social-cognitive model, same-race faces are processed in a _____ manner, indicating that the face is viewed as a unified whole.

Which is NOT one of the criteria for evaluating eyewitness evidence used in Canada's guidelines?

According to the text, which statement concerning guidelines for evaluating eyewitness testimony is FALSE?

What is NOT one of the criteria set up in R. v. Clark for evaluating the admissibility of post-hypnotic evidence?

Canadian researchers studying the weapon focus effect argue that it would also be important to consider the counter-hypothesis of the:

The tendency for biased responses to distort the memory of eyewitnesses is known as:

The memory is often described as having the following components:

When the eyewitness is a child, the accuracy of information he or she can provide from a lineup or photograph spread is:

According to the text, cross-examination does not seem to be effective at rooting out eyewitness mistakes primarily because:

Psychology and the Law: a Cautious Alliance

Interrogations and Confessions

Lie Detection

Criminal Profiling

Interviewing Children and Memories of Sexual Abuse

Jury Selection

Juries and Judges As Decision Makers

Fitness to Stand Trial and Criminal Responsibility

Predicting Violent Behaviour and Risk Assessment

Corrections: Sentencing, Imprisonment, and Alternatives

Battered Women Syndrome and Syndrome Evidence

Role of Psychology in the Civil Area: Child Custody Disputes, Parental Competence, Workplace Law

Filters