Question 1

The use of aggregate data to study the behavior of individuals is called ________________.

Accepted Answer

Ecological inference

Question 2

What is the difference between an independent and dependent variable? How are they related? In your answer please give an example.

Accepted Answer

A phenomenon that we think will help us explain the political characteristics or behavior is called an independent variable. Independent variables are the measurements of the phenomena that are thought to influence, affect, or cause some other phenomenon. A dependent variable is thought to be caused, to depend upon, or to be a function of an independent variable. Thus, if a researcher has hypothesized that acquiring more formal education will lead to increased income later on (in other words, that income may be explained by education), then years of formal education would be the independent variable and income would be the dependent variable. Example will vary.

Question 3

__________ concepts should be defined very carefully because they can mean different things to different people.

Accepted Answer

A)  Abstract 
B)  Concrete 
C)  Political 
D)  Tautological 
A)  Abstract 
B)  Concrete 
C)  Political 
D)  Tautological A

Question 4

Please explain how the unit of analysis plays a part in ecological inference and ecological fallacy.

Accepted Answer

Sometimes researchers conduct what is ca

Question 5

A _______________ relationship is one where the values of one variable increases as the values of another variable decreases.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A _______________ relationship is one where the...

Question 6

Using information that shows a relationship for groups to infer that the same relationship exists for individuals when in fact there is no such relationship at the individual level is called a(n) ____________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Using information that shows a relationship for...

Question 7

A ______________ relationship is one where the values of one variable increases (or decreases) as the values of another variable increases (or decreases).

Accepted Answer

The answer of A ______________ relationship is one where the...

Question 8

In a(n) ______________ researchers use data collected for one unit of analysis to make inferences about another unit of analysis.

Accepted Answer

A)  Cross-level analysis 
B)  Ecological inference 
C)  Ecological fallacy 
D)  Arrow diagram 
A)  Cross-level analysis 
B)  Ecological inference 
C)  Ecological fallacy 
D)  Arrow diagram

Question 9

What is the difference between a variable and a constant and why is the difference important for testing hypotheses?

Accepted Answer

As the word variable connotes, we expect

Question 10

A(n) _______________ specifies the phenomena of interest; indicates which variables are independent, alternative, antecedent, intervening, and dependent; and shows which variables are thought to affect which other ones.

Accepted Answer

A)  Arrow diagram 
B)  Hypothesis 
C)  Research question 
D)  Contingency table 
A)  Arrow diagram 
B)  Hypothesis 
C)  Research question 
D)  Contingency table

Question 11

Identify the unit of analysis in this hypothesis: Civil wars that are halted by negotiated peace agreements are less likely to re-erupt than are those that cease due to the military superiority of one of the parties to the conflict.

Accepted Answer

A)  Peace agreements 
B)  Military 
C)  Civil wars 
D)  Negotiations 
A)  Peace agreements 
B)  Military 
C)  Civil wars 
D)  Negotiations

Question 12

A ____________ is a guess (but of an educated nature) that represents the proposed explanation for some phenomenon and that indicates how an independent variable is thought to affect, influence, or alter a dependent variable.

Accepted Answer

A)  Theory 
B)  Arrow diagram 
C)  Hypothesis 
D)  Ecological analysis 
A)  Theory 
B)  Arrow diagram 
C)  Hypothesis 
D)  Ecological analysis

Question 13

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? In your answer please define each and explain the role each would play in a research project.

Accepted Answer

A theory is a body of statements that sy

Question 14

Hypotheses should be a __________ rather than a ____________ statement.

Accepted Answer

A)  Nonempirical, empirical 
B)  Empirical, nonempirical 
C)  Isolated, general 
D)  General, isolated 
A)  Nonempirical, empirical 
B)  Empirical, nonempirical 
C)  Isolated, general 
D)  General, isolated

Question 15

The words that we choose to describe political behaviors or attributes are called _________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Operations 
B)  Hypotheses 
C)  Values 
D)  Concepts 
A)  Operations 
B)  Hypotheses 
C)  Values 
D)  Concepts

Question 16

In the space below, please write three hypotheses; one should represent a positive relationship, one should represent a negative relationship, and one should represent a relationship with no direction. Label each hypothesis as positive, negative, or no direction.

Accepted Answer

The hypotheses should be written to matc

Question 17

What is the difference between an antecedent variable and an intervening variable?

Accepted Answer

A variable that occurs prior to all othe

Question 18

The particular type of actor whose political behavior is named in a hypothesis is the __________ for the research project.

Accepted Answer

A)  Cross-level analysis 
B)  Unit of analysis 
C)  Ecological analysis 
D)  Inferential analysis 
A)  Cross-level analysis 
B)  Unit of analysis 
C)  Ecological analysis 
D)  Inferential analysis

Question 19

A variable that occurs closer in time to the dependent variable and is itself affected by other independent variables is called a(n) _________ variable.

Accepted Answer

A)  Independent 
B)  Dependent 
C)  Antecedent 
D)  Intervening 
A)  Independent 
B)  Dependent 
C)  Antecedent 
D)  Intervening

Question 20

A variable that occurs prior to all other variables and that may affect other independent variables is called a(n) ______________ variable.

Accepted Answer

A)  Independent 
B)  Dependent 
C)  Antecedent 
D)  Intervening 
A)  Independent 
B)  Dependent 
C)  Antecedent 
D)  Intervening

The use of aggregate data to study the behavior of individuals is called ________________.

What is the difference between an independent and dependent variable? How are they related? In your answer please give an example.

__________ concepts should be defined very carefully because they can mean different things to different people.

Please explain how the unit of analysis plays a part in ecological inference and ecological fallacy.

A _______________ relationship is one where the values of one variable increases as the values of another variable decreases.

Using information that shows a relationship for groups to infer that the same relationship exists for individuals when in fact there is no such relationship at the individual level is called a(n) ____________.

A ______________ relationship is one where the values of one variable increases (or decreases) as the values of another variable increases (or decreases).

In a(n) ______________ researchers use data collected for one unit of analysis to make inferences about another unit of analysis.

What is the difference between a variable and a constant and why is the difference important for testing hypotheses?

A(n) _______________ specifies the phenomena of interest; indicates which variables are independent, alternative, antecedent, intervening, and dependent; and shows which variables are thought to affect which other ones.

Identify the unit of analysis in this hypothesis: Civil wars that are halted by negotiated peace agreements are less likely to re-erupt than are those that cease due to the military superiority of one of the parties to the conflict.

A ____________ is a guess (but of an educated nature) that represents the proposed explanation for some phenomenon and that indicates how an independent variable is thought to affect, influence, or alter a dependent variable.

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? In your answer please define each and explain the role each would play in a research project.

Hypotheses should be a rather than a __ statement.

The words that we choose to describe political behaviors or attributes are called _________.

In the space below, please write three hypotheses; one should represent a positive relationship, one should represent a negative relationship, and one should represent a relationship with no direction. Label each hypothesis as positive, negative, or no direction.

What is the difference between an antecedent variable and an intervening variable?

The particular type of actor whose political behavior is named in a hypothesis is the __________ for the research project.

A variable that occurs closer in time to the dependent variable and is itself affected by other independent variables is called a(n) _________ variable.

A variable that occurs prior to all other variables and that may affect other independent variables is called a(n) ______________ variable.

The Empirical Approach to Political Science

Beginning the Research Process: Identifying a Research Topic, Developing Research Questions, and Reviewing the Literature

The Building Blocks of Social Scientific Research: Measurement

Research Design: Making Causal Inferences

Sampling

Making Empirical Observations: Firsthand Observation

Document Analysis: Using the Written Record

Survey Research and Interviewing

Making Sense of Data: First Steps

Statistical Inference

Investigating Relationships Between Two Variables

Multivariate Analysis

Filters

Exam 4: The Building Blocks of Social Scientific Research: Hypotheses, Concepts, and Variables

The use of aggregate data to study the behavior of individuals is called ________________.

What is the difference between an independent and dependent variable? How are they related? In your answer please give an example.

__________ concepts should be defined very carefully because they can mean different things to different people.

Please explain how the unit of analysis plays a part in ecological inference and ecological fallacy.

A _______________ relationship is one where the values of one variable increases as the values of another variable decreases.

Using information that shows a relationship for groups to infer that the same relationship exists for individuals when in fact there is no such relationship at the individual level is called a(n) ____________.

A ______________ relationship is one where the values of one variable increases (or decreases) as the values of another variable increases (or decreases).

In a(n) ______________ researchers use data collected for one unit of analysis to make inferences about another unit of analysis.

What is the difference between a variable and a constant and why is the difference important for testing hypotheses?

A(n) _______________ specifies the phenomena of interest; indicates which variables are independent, alternative, antecedent, intervening, and dependent; and shows which variables are thought to affect which other ones.

Identify the unit of analysis in this hypothesis: Civil wars that are halted by negotiated peace agreements are less likely to re-erupt than are those that cease due to the military superiority of one of the parties to the conflict.

A ____________ is a guess (but of an educated nature) that represents the proposed explanation for some phenomenon and that indicates how an independent variable is thought to affect, influence, or alter a dependent variable.

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? In your answer please define each and explain the role each would play in a research project.

Hypotheses should be a __________ rather than a ____________ statement.

The words that we choose to describe political behaviors or attributes are called _________.

In the space below, please write three hypotheses; one should represent a positive relationship, one should represent a negative relationship, and one should represent a relationship with no direction. Label each hypothesis as positive, negative, or no direction.

What is the difference between an antecedent variable and an intervening variable?

The particular type of actor whose political behavior is named in a hypothesis is the __________ for the research project.

A variable that occurs closer in time to the dependent variable and is itself affected by other independent variables is called a(n) _________ variable.

A variable that occurs prior to all other variables and that may affect other independent variables is called a(n) ______________ variable.

The Empirical Approach to Political Science

Beginning the Research Process: Identifying a Research Topic, Developing Research Questions, and Reviewing the Literature

The Building Blocks of Social Scientific Research: Measurement

Research Design: Making Causal Inferences

Sampling

Making Empirical Observations: Firsthand Observation

Document Analysis: Using the Written Record

Survey Research and Interviewing

Making Sense of Data: First Steps

Statistical Inference

Investigating Relationships Between Two Variables

Multivariate Analysis

Filters

Hypotheses should be a rather than a __ statement.