Question 1

How does brain stimulation work? How is it used to treat patients with Parkinson disease?

Accepted Answer

Brain stimulation works by using electrical impulses to modulate the activity of neurons in specific areas of the brain. This can be achieved through various methods, with the most common being Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS). DBS involves the surgical implantation of electrodes into targeted brain regions, which are then connected to a pulse generator implanted under the skin in the chest. The pulse generator sends electrical impulses to the electrodes, which in turn stimulate the brain in a controlled manner.

The exact mechanisms by which brain stimulation exerts its effects are not fully understood, but it is believed to influence the firing patterns of neurons, alter neurotransmitter levels, and affect neural circuits that are involved in the regulation of mood, movement, and cognition.

In the treatment of Parkinson's disease, brain stimulation is primarily used to address motor symptoms that are not adequately controlled by medication. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, a region of the brain that plays a critical role in the control of movement. This loss leads to the hallmark symptoms of Parkinson's, which include tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability.

DBS for Parkinson's disease typically targets one of two brain structures: the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or the globus pallidus interna (GPi). Stimulation of these areas can help to alleviate symptoms by modulating the abnormal neuronal activity that occurs in Parkinson's disease.

The procedure for implanting the DBS system is typically done in two stages. First, neurosurgeons use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans to map the patient's brain and identify the precise target areas. During surgery, the patient may be awake so that the surgical team can test the effects of stimulation and ensure proper placement of the electrodes. Once the electrodes are in place, the patient undergoes a second procedure to implant the pulse generator.

After the system is implanted, it can be programmed and adjusted by a clinician to optimize the therapeutic effects and minimize side effects. The settings can be fine-tuned over time as the patient's condition changes.

DBS is not a cure for Parkinson's disease, but it can significantly improve quality of life for many patients. It is most effective for those who respond well to dopaminergic medication but experience motor fluctuations and dyskinesias (involuntary movements) as side effects of their medication. DBS is generally reserved for patients with advanced Parkinson's disease who have exhausted medical treatment options.

It's important to note that while DBS can be very effective for controlling motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, it does not typically improve non-motor symptoms and may not halt the progression of the disease. The decision to undergo DBS is made on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the potential benefits and risks, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.

Question 2

In a study on infant language, researchers found that when newborn infants listened to a familiar language, there was a(n) _____ in oxygenated hemoglobin, and when they listened to an unfamiliar language, there was _____ in oxygenated hemoglobin.

Accepted Answer

A) decrease; an increase 
B) increase; no change 
C) decrease; no change 
D) increase; a decrease 
A) decrease; an increase 
B) increase; no change 
C) decrease; no change 
D) increase; a decrease D

Question 3

A recent review by researchers demonstrated that rates of ADD and ADHD are:

Accepted Answer

A) higher in developed nations. 
B) lower in developed nations. 
C) the same worldwide if the same diagnostic criteria are used. 
D) None of the answers is correct. 
A) higher in developed nations. 
B) lower in developed nations. 
C) the same worldwide if the same diagnostic criteria are used. 
D) None of the answers is correct. C

Question 4

The U.S. Animal Welfare Act includes protections for:

Accepted Answer

A) all mammals. 
B) selected mammals, such as rats, cats, dogs, and farm animals. 
C) most mammals. 
D) all vertebrates and some invertebrates. 
A) all mammals. 
B) selected mammals, such as rats, cats, dogs, and farm animals. 
C) most mammals. 
D) all vertebrates and some invertebrates.

Question 5

What are event-related potentials?

Accepted Answer

Event-related potentials (ERPs) are meas

Question 6

The main advantage of MEG over event-related potentials (ERP) is that MEG is:

Accepted Answer

A) better at more precisely identifying the source of the activity being recorded. 
B) cheaper than EEG. 
C) better at detecting electrical activity than EEG. 
D) All of the answers are correct. 
A) better at more precisely identifying the source of the activity being recorded. 
B) cheaper than EEG. 
C) better at detecting electrical activity than EEG. 
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 7

_____ applied to the globus pallidus has been used as a treatment for Parkinson disease.

Accepted Answer

A) Self-stimulation 
B) Deep brain stimulation 
C) Transcranial magnetic stimulation 
D) All of the answers are correct. 
A) Self-stimulation 
B) Deep brain stimulation 
C) Transcranial magnetic stimulation 
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 8

The Corsi test measures:

Accepted Answer

A) verbal memory. 
B) language. 
C) sensory perception. 
D) spatial memory. 
A) verbal memory. 
B) language. 
C) sensory perception. 
D) spatial memory.

Question 9

Research has linked maternal attention in early childhood with:

Accepted Answer

A) expression of certain genes in the hippocampus. 
B) temporal cortex volume. 
C) expression of certain genes in the basal ganglia. 
D) both temporal cortex and basal ganglia volume. 
A) expression of certain genes in the hippocampus. 
B) temporal cortex volume. 
C) expression of certain genes in the basal ganglia. 
D) both temporal cortex and basal ganglia volume.

Question 10

If a person is awake and alert, the EEG pattern will consist of:

Accepted Answer

A) high-amplitude, high-frequency waves. 
B) low-amplitude, low-frequency waves. 
C) low-amplitude, high-frequency waves. 
D) There is no systematic pattern to EEG activity. 
A) high-amplitude, high-frequency waves. 
B) low-amplitude, low-frequency waves. 
C) low-amplitude, high-frequency waves. 
D) There is no systematic pattern to EEG activity.

Question 11

Administering nicotine to rats:

Accepted Answer

A) improves learning. 
B) impairs learning. 
C) first improves learning and then impairs learning on a second task. 
D) first impairs learning and then improves learning on a second task. 
A) improves learning. 
B) impairs learning. 
C) first improves learning and then impairs learning on a second task. 
D) first impairs learning and then improves learning on a second task.

Question 12

The technique that uses reflected infrared light to measure oxygen consumption by the brain is:

Accepted Answer

A) fMRI. 
B) fNIRS. 
C) cytogenetics. 
D) cryogenetics. 
A) fMRI. 
B) fNIRS. 
C) cytogenetics. 
D) cryogenetics.

Question 13

Positron emission tomography (PET) uses:

Accepted Answer

A) magnets. 
B) radioactive isotopes. 
C) L-dopa. 
D) hydrogen atoms. 
A) magnets. 
B) radioactive isotopes. 
C) L-dopa. 
D) hydrogen atoms.

Question 14

Differentiate extracellular from intracellular recording.

Accepted Answer

Extracellular and intracellular recordin

Question 15

In 1957 Scoville and Milner described a patient who had profound amnesia following a surgical removal of the:

Accepted Answer

A) frontal lobe. 
B) amygdala. 
C) hippocampus. 
D) parietal lobe. 
A) frontal lobe. 
B) amygdala. 
C) hippocampus. 
D) parietal lobe.

Question 16

Magnetic resonance imaging measures:

Accepted Answer

A) radio pulses emitted by hydrogen atoms. 
B) radiation emitted by nitrogen atoms. 
C) radiation emitted by oxygen atoms. 
D) radio pulses emitted by oxygen atoms. 
A) radio pulses emitted by hydrogen atoms. 
B) radiation emitted by nitrogen atoms. 
C) radiation emitted by oxygen atoms. 
D) radio pulses emitted by oxygen atoms.

Question 17

What is a stereotaxic apparatus? What is it used for?

Accepted Answer

A stereotaxic apparatus is a medical dev

Question 18

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans take advantage of the magnetic properties of:

Accepted Answer

A) hydrogen atoms. 
B) oxygen atoms. 
C) nitrogen atoms. 
D) glucose atoms. 
A) hydrogen atoms. 
B) oxygen atoms. 
C) nitrogen atoms. 
D) glucose atoms.

Question 19

What is the main advantage of the transgenic technique called chemogenetics?

Accepted Answer

A) It is a non-invasive technique. 
B) It is highly specific in which cells are activated. 
C) It is cheaper and more efficient than optogenetics. 
D) It does not involve the use of drugs. 
A) It is a non-invasive technique. 
B) It is highly specific in which cells are activated. 
C) It is cheaper and more efficient than optogenetics. 
D) It does not involve the use of drugs.

Question 20

To measure brain metabolic activity, PET uses radioactive isotopes of:

Accepted Answer

A) oxygen. 
B) hydrogen. 
C) potassium. 
D) glutamate. 
A) oxygen. 
B) hydrogen. 
C) potassium. 
D) glutamate.

How does brain stimulation work? How is it used to treat patients with Parkinson disease?

In a study on infant language, researchers found that when newborn infants listened to a familiar language, there was a(n) _ in oxygenated hemoglobin, and when they listened to an unfamiliar language, there was _ in oxygenated hemoglobin.

A recent review by researchers demonstrated that rates of ADD and ADHD are:

The U.S. Animal Welfare Act includes protections for:

What are event-related potentials?

The main advantage of MEG over event-related potentials (ERP) is that MEG is:

_____ applied to the globus pallidus has been used as a treatment for Parkinson disease.

The Corsi test measures:

Research has linked maternal attention in early childhood with:

If a person is awake and alert, the EEG pattern will consist of:

Administering nicotine to rats:

The technique that uses reflected infrared light to measure oxygen consumption by the brain is:

Positron emission tomography (PET) uses:

Differentiate extracellular from intracellular recording.

In 1957 Scoville and Milner described a patient who had profound amnesia following a surgical removal of the:

Magnetic resonance imaging measures:

What is a stereotaxic apparatus? What is it used for?

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans take advantage of the magnetic properties of:

What is the main advantage of the transgenic technique called chemogenetics?

To measure brain metabolic activity, PET uses radioactive isotopes of:

What Are the Origins of Brain and Behavior

What Is the Nervous Systems Functional Anatomy

What Are the Nervous Systems Functional Units

How Do Neurons Use Electrical Signals to Transmit Information

How Do Neurons Communicate and Adapt

How Do Drugs and Hormones Influence the Brain and Behavior

How Does the Nervous System Develop and Adapt

How Do We Sense, Perceive, and See the World

How Do We Hear, Speak, and Make Music

How Does the Nervous System Respond to Stimulation and Produce Movement

What Causes Emotional and Motivated Behavior

Why Do We Sleep and Dream

How Do We Learn and Remember

How Does the Brain Think

What Happens When the Brain Misbehaves

Filters

Exam 7: How Do We Study the Brains Structures and Functions

How does brain stimulation work? How is it used to treat patients with Parkinson disease?

In a study on infant language, researchers found that when newborn infants listened to a familiar language, there was a(n) _____ in oxygenated hemoglobin, and when they listened to an unfamiliar language, there was _____ in oxygenated hemoglobin.

A recent review by researchers demonstrated that rates of ADD and ADHD are:

The U.S. Animal Welfare Act includes protections for:

What are event-related potentials?

The main advantage of MEG over event-related potentials (ERP) is that MEG is:

_____ applied to the globus pallidus has been used as a treatment for Parkinson disease.

The Corsi test measures:

Research has linked maternal attention in early childhood with:

If a person is awake and alert, the EEG pattern will consist of:

Administering nicotine to rats:

The technique that uses reflected infrared light to measure oxygen consumption by the brain is:

Positron emission tomography (PET) uses:

Differentiate extracellular from intracellular recording.

In 1957 Scoville and Milner described a patient who had profound amnesia following a surgical removal of the:

Magnetic resonance imaging measures:

What is a stereotaxic apparatus? What is it used for?

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans take advantage of the magnetic properties of:

What is the main advantage of the transgenic technique called chemogenetics?

To measure brain metabolic activity, PET uses radioactive isotopes of:

What Are the Origins of Brain and Behavior

What Is the Nervous Systems Functional Anatomy

What Are the Nervous Systems Functional Units

How Do Neurons Use Electrical Signals to Transmit Information

How Do Neurons Communicate and Adapt

How Do Drugs and Hormones Influence the Brain and Behavior

How Does the Nervous System Develop and Adapt

How Do We Sense, Perceive, and See the World

How Do We Hear, Speak, and Make Music

How Does the Nervous System Respond to Stimulation and Produce Movement

What Causes Emotional and Motivated Behavior

Why Do We Sleep and Dream

How Do We Learn and Remember

How Does the Brain Think

What Happens When the Brain Misbehaves

Filters

In a study on infant language, researchers found that when newborn infants listened to a familiar language, there was a(n) _ in oxygenated hemoglobin, and when they listened to an unfamiliar language, there was _ in oxygenated hemoglobin.