Chat with AIExam 13: Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and Symbolism, 1870 to 1900
Which aspects of Japanese art did Impressionists admire?
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The critic _____ wrote a scathing review of Whistler's Nocturne in Black and Gold.
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What factors made the American skyscraper a possibility?
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Answered by Examlex AI CopilotThe American skyscraper, a symbol of architectural innovation and urban development, became a possibility due to a confluence of several factors:
1. Technological Advances:
- Steel Frame Construction: The development of the steel skeleton frame allowed buildings to rise much higher than before. Steel is much stronger than iron and could support the weight of tall structures.
- Elevators: Elisha Otis's invention of the safety elevator in 1852 made high-rise buildings practical, as people could now move between floors quickly and safely.
- Foundation Techniques: Advances in understanding soil mechanics and foundation technology enabled builders to construct stable skyscrapers on a variety of ground conditions.
2. Economic Factors:
- Urbanization: The rapid growth of cities created a demand for more office space and housing within limited urban land areas, driving the need for vertical expansion.
- Real Estate Value: In densely populated areas, especially in cities like New York and Chicago, the value of land was extremely high, incentivizing the construction of tall buildings to maximize the use of the land.
3. Architectural and Engineering Innovation:
- The Chicago School of Architecture: This group of architects and engineers developed the commercial style that was practical, structurally sound, and aesthetically pleasing, paving the way for the skyscraper.
- Building Codes: The establishment of building codes and standards helped ensure the safety and feasibility of tall structures.
4. Cultural Aspirations:
- American Ingenuity: The skyscraper became a symbol of American innovation, progress, and the belief in limitless possibilities.
- Corporate Prestige: Companies saw tall buildings as a way to showcase their success and stand out in the skyline, leading to a sort of "race to the sky."
5. Fireproofing Techniques:
- After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and other urban fires, there was a push for fire-resistant construction materials and methods, which made taller buildings safer and more viable.
6. Legal Environment:
- Zoning Laws: The introduction of zoning laws in the early 20th century, such as the 1916 Zoning Resolution in New York City, regulated the massing of buildings and allowed for the creation of set-back skyscrapers that would not cast large shadows on the streets.
7. Availability of Capital:
- The economic prosperity of the late 19th and early 20th centuries provided the necessary capital for ambitious construction projects, including skyscrapers.
These factors combined to create an environment where the construction of skyscrapers was not only possible but also desirable, leading to the iconic skylines of cities across the United States.
Impressionists deviated from Realists in their desire to convey _____.
(42) The subjects of Edvard Munch's art largely dealt with _____.
(37) Color was an important component for several of the movements and individual artists discussed in this chapter. Describe the new observations that were made about color and how individual artists exploited it for their own artistic aims.
(43) Extreme subjectivity and the need to see through appearances to a deeper reality were most typical of the _____.
(37) The goal of Munch's paintings was to describe the conditions of _____.
(39) Compare and contrast Claude Monet's and Paul Cézanne's approaches to landscape. How are they similar or different? Consider the formal qualities and suggestion of depth.
(28) Which of the following influenced Degas in his technique of using spatial projections and off-center empty space to create illusion and direct the viewer's attention into the picture?
(36) In contrast to Van Gogh's thick brushstrokes, Gauguin _____.
(34) Vincent van Gogh attempted to communicate _____ in his Starry Night.
(44) Through what means did Van Gogh communicate a charged energy and oppressive atmosphere in Night Cafe?
(34) ____ was one influence on Gauguin's use of flat color planes with strong contours.
(41) What led to the urbanization of European cities in the latter part of the 19th century?
(26) _____ was a new artistic movement that appeared at the end of the 19th century and rejected the subjects of the everyday world.
(37) Although Impressionism was open to female artists, they had greater limitations than their male counterparts. Which female artists were identified with Impressionism? Using examples, describe their dominant stylistic qualities. How was the subject matter of the female Impressionists similar to or different from that of male artists?
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