Question 1

Which of the following would be the next step in interpreting a correlation coefficient after finding a significant probability when testing a hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A) square the coefficient 
B) propose a hypothesis 
C) accept the null hypothesis and continue with establishing the direction of the relationship 
D) check to see if correlation coefficient is available in an asymmetric version 
A) square the coefficient 
B) propose a hypothesis 
C) accept the null hypothesis and continue with establishing the direction of the relationship 
D) check to see if correlation coefficient is available in an asymmetric version D

Question 2

Given two correlation coefficients,-.45 and .35,the one with a value of -.45 is larger.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

In an indirect-PRE measure,the correlation coefficient must be __________ in order to be interpreted.

Accepted Answer

A) divided by the number of categories 
B) squared 
C) first squared and then divided by the number of categories 
D) multiplied by 100 
A) divided by the number of categories 
B) squared 
C) first squared and then divided by the number of categories 
D) multiplied by 100 B

Question 4

Two correlated variables do not covary.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

If measured relationship shows that an increase in the independent variable leads to a decrease in the dependent variable,which of the following would be true?

Accepted Answer

A) the relationship is a positive one 
B) the relationship is a negative one 
C) the increase and decrease would cancel each other out 
D) there is NO relationship 
A) the relationship is a positive one 
B) the relationship is a negative one 
C) the increase and decrease would cancel each other out 
D) there is NO relationship

Question 6

Guilford's Table is commonly used today as a method of interpreting correlations coefficients.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

A symmetric relationship

Accepted Answer

A) cannot have positive and negative signs 
B) has only positive signs 
C) has no assumed cause and effect 
D) has an assumed cause and effect 
A) cannot have positive and negative signs 
B) has only positive signs 
C) has no assumed cause and effect 
D) has an assumed cause and effect

Question 8

The formulas for some measures of association can result in values with either positive or negative signs.Under which of the following circumstances can those signs be meaningfully interpreted?

Accepted Answer

A) whenever the data are expressed as frequencies 
B) when the data are measured at the nominal level 
C) when the data are measured at the ordinal level or higher 
D) whenever the data are expressed as percentages 
A) whenever the data are expressed as frequencies 
B) when the data are measured at the nominal level 
C) when the data are measured at the ordinal level or higher 
D) whenever the data are expressed as percentages

Question 9

If a measured probability level is highly significant,the relationship between the variables is relatively strong.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

A directional relationship

Accepted Answer

A) is rarely used in criminal justice research 
B) requires the use of frequency distributions to determine direction 
C) specifies the way in which one variable affects a second variable 
D) all of the above 
A) is rarely used in criminal justice research 
B) requires the use of frequency distributions to determine direction 
C) specifies the way in which one variable affects a second variable 
D) all of the above

Question 11

Which of the following would be the simplest form of a relationship?

Accepted Answer

A) A and B vary together 
B) A varies but B doesn't 
C) A varies in the same direction as B 
D) A affects B 
A) A and B vary together 
B) A varies but B doesn't 
C) A varies in the same direction as B 
D) A affects B

Question 12

If you have a hypothesis,you should use an asymmetric version of a statistic if one is available.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

What is the highest possible correlation for a PRE statistic?

Accepted Answer

A) 1000 
B) 100 
C) 1.0 
D) 0.89 
A) 1000 
B) 100 
C) 1.0 
D) 0.89

Question 14

A symmetric version of a statistic is more accurate than an asymmetric one.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

A statistically significant result means that there is

Accepted Answer

A) a high correlation 
B) a low correlation 
C) no correlation 
D) a correlation,but you don't know how strong 
A) a high correlation 
B) a low correlation 
C) no correlation 
D) a correlation,but you don't know how strong

Question 16

A non-zero correlation coefficient,when coupled with a nonsignificant probability,is effectively zero.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Association is expressed as a number between 1.0 and zero.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Inferential statistics do not provide a measure of the amount of relationship.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Even if the probability level is not significant,a measure of association is still useful.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 14: The Concept of Association

Which of the following would be the next step in interpreting a correlation coefficient after finding a significant probability when testing a hypothesis?

Given two correlation coefficients,-.45 and .35,the one with a value of -.45 is larger.

In an indirect-PRE measure,the correlation coefficient must be __________ in order to be interpreted.

Two correlated variables do not covary.

If measured relationship shows that an increase in the independent variable leads to a decrease in the dependent variable,which of the following would be true?

Guilford's Table is commonly used today as a method of interpreting correlations coefficients.

A symmetric relationship

The formulas for some measures of association can result in values with either positive or negative signs.Under which of the following circumstances can those signs be meaningfully interpreted?

If a measured probability level is highly significant,the relationship between the variables is relatively strong.

A directional relationship

Which of the following would be the simplest form of a relationship?

If you have a hypothesis,you should use an asymmetric version of a statistic if one is available.

What is the highest possible correlation for a PRE statistic?

A symmetric version of a statistic is more accurate than an asymmetric one.

A statistically significant result means that there is

A non-zero correlation coefficient,when coupled with a nonsignificant probability,is effectively zero.

Association is expressed as a number between 1.0 and zero.

Inferential statistics do not provide a measure of the amount of relationship.

Even if the probability level is not significant,a measure of association is still useful.

Introduction to Statistics

Levels of Measurement

Graphical Statistics

Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of Dispersion

Curves and Distributions

Frequency Distributions

Elementary Relationships: Crosstabulation Tables

Hypotheses and Sampling Distributions

Statistical Significance

Testing for Significance: the Chi-Square Test

Testing for Significance in Two Groups: the T-Test

Testing for Significance in Multiple Groups: the Analysis of Variance Statistic

Testing for Association: Phi

Testing for Association: Pearsons R and Regression

Doing Real Research: Elementary Multivariate Relationships

Box Plots

Skewness and Kurtosis

Ordinal-Level Tests of Significance

Multiple Comparison Tests

Nominal Level Tests of Association

Ordinal Level Tests of Association

Addendum Probability

Filters