Exam 34: 20th Century Global Issues and Developments

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In assessing the role of Peter the Great in Russia's transition to an empire, it is important that essays begin by offering some sense of how this process began prior to Peter's rise to power. Discussion should point out that Russia lay in between the continents of Europe and Asia and that it drew from both as it expanded. The process of state-building and territorial expansion begun by the tsars culiminated in the reign of Peter the Great, whose primary contribution was turning Russia toward the West. In assessing Peter's predecessors, it is important to address the work of Ivan the Terrible in particular, as he clearly influenced Peter's own program of expansion and state-building. Also of great importance to Peter's efforts was his focus on gaining access to the sea, specifically the Ottoman-controlled Black Sea and the Sweden-dominated Baltic Sea. As part of the discussion of territoral expansion under Peter, specific conflicts should be noted, such as the Great Northern War and the attack on Fort Azov and Poltava. Another key component to address is the westernization of Russia under Peter. Specific ways in which this transition occurred should be highlighted.

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When and how the Zhou Dynasty emerged should be discussed. Politically speaking, the role played by the Book of Documents is important, as it discusses the conquest of the Shang as well as various religious beliefs, including the king's Mandate of Heaven. As for their territories, the Zhou created a decentralized feudal system that should be examined in detail, including how it ultimately took power away from the king. Regarding life in the Zhou Dynasty, essays should consider social rank, including a discussion of the Book of Songs, which it is believed offers a glimpse into life at a variety of levels as well as the first Chinese poetry. Technology, trade, and religion should also be briefly addressed.

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The late-nineteenth-century imperialist movement in America was driven by several major components. These included a desire for economic expansion and access to new markets, a belief in the superiority of American culture and values, and a sense of national pride and a desire for global power and influence.

The United States expanded into areas such as the Caribbean, Latin America, and the Pacific, including Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines. The motivations for this expansion varied, but generally included the desire for new markets and resources, strategic military positioning, and a belief in the spread of American values and civilization.

American imperialism mimicked that of Europe in several ways. Like European powers, the United States sought to establish colonies and exert control over foreign territories. This often involved the use of military force and the imposition of American political and economic systems on indigenous populations. Additionally, American imperialism, like European imperialism, was driven by a sense of national pride and a belief in the superiority of American culture and values.

Overall, the late-nineteenth-century imperialist movement in America was characterized by a desire for economic expansion, national pride, and a belief in the spread of American values, and it led to the expansion of the United States into new territories and the exertion of control over foreign lands, mirroring the actions of European imperial powers.