Exam 11: Empathy and Egotism: Portals to Altruism, Gratitude, and Forgiveness

Because of the positive outcome, what is one of the most influential human motives that drives many human actions?

Which of the following is NOT a component related to the emergence of gratitude?

Which of the following characteristics have been reported by people who Gratitude journals?

What do altruism and gratitude have in common as necessary conditions?

Which part of the brain is related to the development of empathy, according to researchers?

According to the forgiveness model of Gordon and colleagues, when someone is in the stage of feeling negative emotions involving hurt, fear, and anger, which stage of forgiveness are they in?

List and explain some of the factors that increase the probability of forgiveness, overall and with specific mention of culture, gender, and age.

Forgiving another creates positive feelings in the person forgiving as well as the one being forgiven. Think about a situation in which you forgave someone. Explain how you felt before and after forgiving. Do you think that this forgiveness was geniune forgiveness? Why? Link your comments to one or more of the forgiveness theories presented in the chapter.

Gratitude meditation requires three main questions be asked of oneself. Which of the following is NOT one of the questions?

Which of the following factors is positively correlated with general feelings of gratitude?

Now think about a time in which you wanted to be forgiven. Were you or were you not forgiven; how did you feel? What are similarities and differences between the feelings that you felt when forgiving and the feelings you had when you were forgiven?

According to evolutionary theory, lacking specific skills may cause aggressive or retaliative behaviors that may threaten the group. What skill should be learned, according to Enright, to lesson this tendency?

Sally has gotten into an argument with her boyfriend about an accusation that was made of her cheating. Sally was not guilty and had many feelings of bitterness and hatred toward her boyfriend because of this accusation. Her boyfriend calls after many days of not talking and apologizes and asks Sally to forgive him and take her back. Sally has empathic feelings and decides to forgive her boyfriend for doubting her. According to Chapter 11, how is Sally's forgiveness likely to affect her in the future?

The innocent bystander effect occurs when people diffuse responsibility onto others, which often happens in busy or crowded environments. Think about one situation in which you may have participated in the innocent bystander effect by diffusing responsibility onto others. Why did this happen? If you would have acted in a more altruistic manner, how might the situation have changed? What feelings would you and the person you helped have had? Make a list of things you can do to increase the likelihood that you will not succumb to the innocent bystander effect in the future.

When one feels the extreme need to consider oneself special and unique and different from others, it may create difficulty with others. Which of the following will desires such as these hinder?

A man is angry and resentful toward a snowstorm that caused his wife to get into a terrible car accident. As a result of the accident, she is paralyzed from the waist down. Which of the following forgiveness theorists would accept forgiveness of a non-human?

Johnny has done something wrong and is attempting to perform self-forgiveness so he can move on with his life. What feelings is Johnny likely to have before forgiving himself?

Which of the following factors is believed to underlie an evolutionary basis for human empathy?

Which researchers have developed a definition of forgiveness that specifically allows for the forgiveness of things besides other people, such as situations?

What is a possible situation in which empathic muting may occur?