Question 1

Which one of the following examples most clearly illustrates a cognitive apprenticeship?

Accepted Answer

A)  A middle school physical education teacher puts her students in pairs as they practice their forward and backward rolls. She asks the students in each pair to observe each other and give each other feedback about how to improve. 
B)  An elementary school teacher gives his students lots of practice doing addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division problems so that they will be able to solve word problems more effectively later in the school year. 
C)  In a high school chemistry lab, a teacher clearly describes the steps that she expects her students to take as they conduct the day's laboratory experiment. She also lists the things that students should do when they clean up after the experiment. 
D)  A junior high school English class is reading Robert Frost's "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening." At the end of each verse, the teacher describes the visual images and feelings that the poem evokes for him, and he encourages his students to do likewise. 
A)  A middle school physical education teacher puts her students in pairs as they practice their forward and backward rolls. She asks the students in each pair to observe each other and give each other feedback about how to improve. 
B)  An elementary school teacher gives his students lots of practice doing addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division problems so that they will be able to solve word problems more effectively later in the school year. 
C)  In a high school chemistry lab, a teacher clearly describes the steps that she expects her students to take as they conduct the day's laboratory experiment. She also lists the things that students should do when they clean up after the experiment. 
D)  A junior high school English class is reading Robert Frost's "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening." At the end of each verse, the teacher describes the visual images and feelings that the poem evokes for him, and he encourages his students to do likewise. D

Question 2

As a high school music teacher plays a recording of Ferde Grofé's symphony Grand Canyon Suite for his class, he asks his students to visualize scenes that Grofé tried to capture with music: a sunrise over the Grand Canyon, a burro ride down a winding trail, a thunderstorm, and so on. From a Vygotskian perspective, this lesson could best be described as:

Accepted Answer

A)  Guided participation 
B)  A mediated learning experience 
C)  A lesson at students' actual developmental level 
D)  A lesson at students' level of potential development 
A)  Guided participation 
B)  A mediated learning experience 
C)  A lesson at students' actual developmental level 
D)  A lesson at students' level of potential development B

Question 3

Which one of the following clearly illustrates Piaget's concept of assimilation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Five-year-old Harvey draws on the chalkboard with a large white crayon instead of with chalk. 
B)  Eight-year-old Rachel develops the necessary eye-hand coordination for writing letters in cursive. 
C)  Eleven-year-old Mary Lou moves to a different school and purchases new clothes to fit the local fashions. 
D)  A language arts teacher asks 13-year-old Reynold to think about possible adjectives other than awesome that he might use in his writing to describe interesting and enjoyable activities. 
A)  Five-year-old Harvey draws on the chalkboard with a large white crayon instead of with chalk. 
B)  Eight-year-old Rachel develops the necessary eye-hand coordination for writing letters in cursive. 
C)  Eleven-year-old Mary Lou moves to a different school and purchases new clothes to fit the local fashions. 
D)  A language arts teacher asks 13-year-old Reynold to think about possible adjectives other than awesome that he might use in his writing to describe interesting and enjoyable activities. A

Question 4

Which one of the following best illustrates Piaget's concept of accommodation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Anne copies down what her teacher writes on the blackboard. 
B)  Betsy is given 10 more addition problems when she does the first 10 carelessly. 
C)  Carol revises her understanding of what clouds are like when she studies them in science. 
D)  Donna copies her biology textbook's definitions of various classes of invertebrates (sponges, flatworms, mollusks, etc.) word for word in her notebook. 
A)  Anne copies down what her teacher writes on the blackboard. 
B)  Betsy is given 10 more addition problems when she does the first 10 carelessly. 
C)  Carol revises her understanding of what clouds are like when she studies them in science. 
D)  Donna copies her biology textbook's definitions of various classes of invertebrates (sponges, flatworms, mollusks, etc.) word for word in her notebook.

Question 5

Write a single paragraph that describes the process of cognitive development according to Piaget. Use all the following concepts in your answer in such a way that each concept's meaning is clear: accommodation, assimilation, disequilibrium, equilibration, equilibrium, schemes.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive development depends on the cre

Question 6

Which one of the following best describes a mediated learning experience?

Accepted Answer

A)  Two children argue about which of two alternative viewpoints is "right" and which is "wrong." 
B)  A teacher gives students lots of practice with various athletic skills. 
C)  A parent promises a reward for good behavior. 
D)  An adult helps a child make sense of a new situation. 
A)  Two children argue about which of two alternative viewpoints is "right" and which is "wrong." 
B)  A teacher gives students lots of practice with various athletic skills. 
C)  A parent promises a reward for good behavior. 
D)  An adult helps a child make sense of a new situation.

Question 7

Nine-year-old Ricky has recently learned how to solve long division problems, and he still struggles with especially difficult problems. At his mother's request, he helps his eight-year-old sister Lucy with the simple long division problems she must do for her math homework. From the perspective of Vygotsky's theory, which one of the following is most likely to result?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ricky's own long division skills will improve because he is more motivated. 
B)  Ricky will gain nothing from helping his sister because doing long division is outside his zone of proximal development. 
C)  Ricky's own long division skills will decrease, because any mistakes that Lucy makes will "corrupt" his own mathematical thinking. 
D)  By helping Lucy with her long division problems, Ricky will be able to practice using the central conceptual structure that underlies his mathematical thinking. 
A)  Ricky's own long division skills will improve because he is more motivated. 
B)  Ricky will gain nothing from helping his sister because doing long division is outside his zone of proximal development. 
C)  Ricky's own long division skills will decrease, because any mistakes that Lucy makes will "corrupt" his own mathematical thinking. 
D)  By helping Lucy with her long division problems, Ricky will be able to practice using the central conceptual structure that underlies his mathematical thinking.

Question 8

Which one of the following teachers is using reciprocal teaching?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mr. Armando has students work in pairs to test one another's knowledge about a topic. 
B)  Working with a small group, Mr. Bromley gives each student a chance to ask questions of his or her classmates regarding a section of text they are all reading. 
C)  When students ask questions about things they don't understand, Ms. Cromwell asks if others can answer those questions before answering them herself. 
D)  Before a test, Ms. Dievers has each student describe the strategies he or she plans to use while studying. 
A)  Mr. Armando has students work in pairs to test one another's knowledge about a topic. 
B)  Working with a small group, Mr. Bromley gives each student a chance to ask questions of his or her classmates regarding a section of text they are all reading. 
C)  When students ask questions about things they don't understand, Ms. Cromwell asks if others can answer those questions before answering them herself. 
D)  Before a test, Ms. Dievers has each student describe the strategies he or she plans to use while studying.

Question 9

Which one of the following examples best illustrates Piaget's concept of object permanence?

Accepted Answer

A)  Two-year-old Jasmine looks for a favorite toy her father has just hidden in a box. 
B)  Six-year-old Lucas thinks that his recently deceased grandfather is still alive. 
C)  Ten-year-old Margaret glues the pieces of a vase she has just broken, claiming that she'll make it look "good as new." 
D)  Fifteen-year-old Kenneth finally understands his geometry teacher's statement that two parallel lines might go on forever without ever touching. 
A)  Two-year-old Jasmine looks for a favorite toy her father has just hidden in a box. 
B)  Six-year-old Lucas thinks that his recently deceased grandfather is still alive. 
C)  Ten-year-old Margaret glues the pieces of a vase she has just broken, claiming that she'll make it look "good as new." 
D)  Fifteen-year-old Kenneth finally understands his geometry teacher's statement that two parallel lines might go on forever without ever touching.

Question 10

From a Vygotskian perspective, scaffolding serves what purpose in instruction?

Accepted Answer

A)  It gives children an idea of what they need to do to get good grades. 
B)  It keeps school tasks within children's actual developmental levels. 
C)  It lets children learn by watching one another. 
D)  It supports children as they perform difficult tasks. 
A)  It gives children an idea of what they need to do to get good grades. 
B)  It keeps school tasks within children's actual developmental levels. 
C)  It lets children learn by watching one another. 
D)  It supports children as they perform difficult tasks.

Question 11

Which one of the following best reflects Piaget's notion of equilibration?

Accepted Answer

A)  A child assimilates without accommodating. 
B)  A child accommodates without assimilating. 
C)  A child doesn't encounter any new or challenging ideas. 
D)  A child revises existing schemes to incorporate new information. 
A)  A child assimilates without accommodating. 
B)  A child accommodates without assimilating. 
C)  A child doesn't encounter any new or challenging ideas. 
D)  A child revises existing schemes to incorporate new information.

Question 12

Developmental Concepts in Middle Childhood: Rachel is experiencing disequilibrium, because she can't assimilate the new information into an existing scheme (i.e., her belief that metal sinks).

Accepted Answer

Rachel's experience of disequilibrium ca

Question 13

Which one of the following children is definitely working in his or her zone of proximal development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Arnold uses correct grammar and punctuation when he writes short stories. 
B)  Berta is beginning to learn basic woodworking techniques. She has trouble hammering a nail straight into a piece of wood unless her teacher stands beside her, helping her and reminding her of what to do. 
C)  Calvin is playing the clarinet in the band. He finds that he can more easily keep the appropriate tempo if he taps the beat with his foot. 
D)  Doreen finds it virtually impossible to solve mathematical word problems, even when her teacher gives her helpful hints. 
A)  Arnold uses correct grammar and punctuation when he writes short stories. 
B)  Berta is beginning to learn basic woodworking techniques. She has trouble hammering a nail straight into a piece of wood unless her teacher stands beside her, helping her and reminding her of what to do. 
C)  Calvin is playing the clarinet in the band. He finds that he can more easily keep the appropriate tempo if he taps the beat with his foot. 
D)  Doreen finds it virtually impossible to solve mathematical word problems, even when her teacher gives her helpful hints.

Question 14

Piaget's view of cognitive development can best be described as:

Accepted Answer

A)  A decreasing number of schemes over time 
B)  Changes in the brain that result in increasingly rapid learning 
C)  Discrete stages in which distinctly different forms of logical thought emerge 
D)  A gradual and steady progression of intellectual capabilities over the course of childhood and adolescence 
A)  A decreasing number of schemes over time 
B)  Changes in the brain that result in increasingly rapid learning 
C)  Discrete stages in which distinctly different forms of logical thought emerge 
D)  A gradual and steady progression of intellectual capabilities over the course of childhood and adolescence

Question 15

If you were interested in how a child's culture influences cognitive development, you would be most likely to consider _______ approach to cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

A)  Piaget's 
B)  Vygotsky's 
C)  neo-Piagetian theorists' 
D)  information processing theorists' 
A)  Piaget's 
B)  Vygotsky's 
C)  neo-Piagetian theorists' 
D)  information processing theorists'

Question 16

Which one of the following scenarios best reflects the basic idea of social constructivism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Two students discuss possible interpretations of the proverb A stitch in time saves nine. 
B)  A teacher assigns a laboratory activity using cumbersome equipment that students can only use successfully by working in pairs. 
C)  When a student borrows a classmate's marker without asking and then forgets to put the cap back on, leaving it dried out and useless by the following morning, her teacher reminds her of one of the class rules: Respect other students' property. 
D)  Four students in a study group divide the day's reading assignment into four sections. Each student reads a section and then teaches the material to the other group members. 
A)  Two students discuss possible interpretations of the proverb A stitch in time saves nine. 
B)  A teacher assigns a laboratory activity using cumbersome equipment that students can only use successfully by working in pairs. 
C)  When a student borrows a classmate's marker without asking and then forgets to put the cap back on, leaving it dried out and useless by the following morning, her teacher reminds her of one of the class rules: Respect other students' property. 
D)  Four students in a study group divide the day's reading assignment into four sections. Each student reads a section and then teaches the material to the other group members.

Question 17

After explaining what sines and cosines are, a high school math teacher shows students how they might use these concepts in constructing a large building. Which one of the following principles does this scenario best illustrate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Over time, self-talk gradually evolves into inner speech. 
B)  Thought and language become increasingly interdependent with age. 
C)  Acquiring the cognitive tools of one's culture enables youngsters to live and work more effectively. 
D)  Children function more effectively when they work at their actual (rather than potential) developmental levels. 
A)  Over time, self-talk gradually evolves into inner speech. 
B)  Thought and language become increasingly interdependent with age. 
C)  Acquiring the cognitive tools of one's culture enables youngsters to live and work more effectively. 
D)  Children function more effectively when they work at their actual (rather than potential) developmental levels.

Question 18

Larger systems of mental processes are known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  Schemes 
B)  Operations 
C)  Scripts 
D)  Constructive processes 
A)  Schemes 
B)  Operations 
C)  Scripts 
D)  Constructive processes

Question 19

In Vygotsky's view, opportunities to engage in pretend play (e.g., playing "house" or "doctor") have which one of the following effects?

Accepted Answer

A)  They foster traditional gender stereotypes. 
B)  They allow children to practice adult behaviors. 
C)  They can help children shed their egocentric views of the world. 
D)  They are highly enjoyable but have little impact on cognitive development. 
A)  They foster traditional gender stereotypes. 
B)  They allow children to practice adult behaviors. 
C)  They can help children shed their egocentric views of the world. 
D)  They are highly enjoyable but have little impact on cognitive development.

Question 20

In her first trip to a zoo, 7-year-old Latisha notices that leopards have paws very similar in shape to her cat Snowball's paws. She also notices that leopards walk in much the same way that Snowball does. Latisha starts to wonder if perhaps leopards are cats. Latisha's thinking illustrates Piaget's idea that thought is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

A)  egocentrism 
B)  conservation 
C)  use of schemes 
D)  compartmentalization 
A)  egocentrism 
B)  conservation 
C)  use of schemes 
D)  compartmentalization

Which one of the following examples most clearly illustrates a cognitive apprenticeship?

Which one of the following clearly illustrates Piaget's concept of assimilation?

Which one of the following best illustrates Piaget's concept of accommodation?

Write a single paragraph that describes the process of cognitive development according to Piaget. Use all the following concepts in your answer in such a way that each concept's meaning is clear: accommodation, assimilation, disequilibrium, equilibration, equilibrium, schemes.

Which one of the following best describes a mediated learning experience?

Which one of the following teachers is using reciprocal teaching?

Which one of the following examples best illustrates Piaget's concept of object permanence?

From a Vygotskian perspective, scaffolding serves what purpose in instruction?

Which one of the following best reflects Piaget's notion of equilibration?

Developmental Concepts in Middle Childhood: Rachel is experiencing disequilibrium, because she can't assimilate the new information into an existing scheme (i.e., her belief that metal sinks).

Which one of the following children is definitely working in his or her zone of proximal development?

Piaget's view of cognitive development can best be described as:

If you were interested in how a child's culture influences cognitive development, you would be most likely to consider _______ approach to cognitive development.

Which one of the following scenarios best reflects the basic idea of social constructivism?

After explaining what sines and cosines are, a high school math teacher shows students how they might use these concepts in constructing a large building. Which one of the following principles does this scenario best illustrate?

Larger systems of mental processes are known as:

In Vygotsky's view, opportunities to engage in pretend play (e.g., playing "house" or "doctor") have which one of the following effects?

Making a Difference in the Lives of Children and Adolescents

Using Research to Understand Children and Adolescents

Family, Culture, and Community

Biological Beginnings

Physical Development

Cognitive Development: Cognitive Processes

Intelligence

Language Development

Development in the Academic Domains

Emotional Development

Development of Self and Social Understandings

Development of Motivation and Self-Regulation

Moral Development

Peers, Schools, and Society

Filters

Exam 6: Cognitive Development: Piaget and Vygotsky

Which one of the following examples most clearly illustrates a cognitive apprenticeship?

Which one of the following clearly illustrates Piaget's concept of assimilation?

Which one of the following best illustrates Piaget's concept of accommodation?

Write a single paragraph that describes the process of cognitive development according to Piaget. Use all the following concepts in your answer in such a way that each concept's meaning is clear: accommodation, assimilation, disequilibrium, equilibration, equilibrium, schemes.

Which one of the following best describes a mediated learning experience?

Which one of the following teachers is using reciprocal teaching?

Which one of the following examples best illustrates Piaget's concept of object permanence?

From a Vygotskian perspective, scaffolding serves what purpose in instruction?

Which one of the following best reflects Piaget's notion of equilibration?

Developmental Concepts in Middle Childhood: Rachel is experiencing disequilibrium, because she can't assimilate the new information into an existing scheme (i.e., her belief that metal sinks).

Which one of the following children is definitely working in his or her zone of proximal development?

Piaget's view of cognitive development can best be described as:

If you were interested in how a child's culture influences cognitive development, you would be most likely to consider _______ approach to cognitive development.

Which one of the following scenarios best reflects the basic idea of social constructivism?

After explaining what sines and cosines are, a high school math teacher shows students how they might use these concepts in constructing a large building. Which one of the following principles does this scenario best illustrate?

Larger systems of mental processes are known as:

In Vygotsky's view, opportunities to engage in pretend play (e.g., playing "house" or "doctor") have which one of the following effects?

Making a Difference in the Lives of Children and Adolescents

Using Research to Understand Children and Adolescents

Family, Culture, and Community

Biological Beginnings

Physical Development

Cognitive Development: Cognitive Processes

Intelligence

Language Development

Development in the Academic Domains

Emotional Development

Development of Self and Social Understandings

Development of Motivation and Self-Regulation

Moral Development

Peers, Schools, and Society

Filters