Question 1

Define the terms effective dose and lethal dose.Explain how these might be used to calculate the therapeutic index of a drug.

Accepted Answer

The effective dose (ED) is the amount of a drug or treatment that produces the desired effect in a certain percentage of the population. It is often expressed as the dose required to achieve a specific therapeutic effect in 50% of the population (ED50). The lethal dose (LD) is the amount of a drug or treatment that causes death in a certain percentage of the population. It is often expressed as the dose that is lethal to 50% of the population (LD50).

The therapeutic index of a drug is a measure of its safety and efficacy. It is calculated by dividing the lethal dose by the effective dose (TI = LD50/ED50). A higher therapeutic index indicates that the drug is safer, as it means that the effective dose is much lower than the lethal dose. This means that there is a wider margin of safety between the dose that produces the desired effect and the dose that could be lethal.

By using the effective dose and lethal dose to calculate the therapeutic index of a drug, healthcare professionals can determine the safety and efficacy of the drug. This information is crucial for determining the appropriate dosage and monitoring for potential adverse effects in patients. It also helps in comparing the safety profiles of different drugs and making informed decisions about their use in clinical practice.

Question 2

The biotransformation process for pharmaceuticals was once called

Accepted Answer

A) drug metabolism. 
B) vascularization. 
C) absorption. 
D) distribution. 
A) drug metabolism. 
B) vascularization. 
C) absorption. 
D) distribution. A

Question 3

The dosage level that would kill 5 % of those people who took an overdose of medication "X" (medication from last question) is 400 mg.This would mean that

Accepted Answer

A) this compound has a large therapeutic window. 
B) this compound has a narrow therapeutic window. 
C) the compound is highly toxic. 
D) the elimination of medication "X" from their body at this dosage level will be difficult for most people. 
A) this compound has a large therapeutic window. 
B) this compound has a narrow therapeutic window. 
C) the compound is highly toxic. 
D) the elimination of medication "X" from their body at this dosage level will be difficult for most people. A

Question 4

Describe the process of biotransformation.

Accepted Answer

Biotransformation is the process by whic

Question 5

The term "skin popping" used by some drug addicts refers to the route of drug administration.

Accepted Answer

A) subcutaneous 
B) intravenous 
C) transdermal 
D) enteral 
A) subcutaneous 
B) intravenous 
C) transdermal 
D) enteral

Question 6

Drugs that are abused comprise a special class of chemicals that are different from drugs that are used pharmaceutically.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Which of the following is true regarding drugs of abuse?

Accepted Answer

A) The speed at which the compound begins to take effect varies as a result of the drug-specific site of action. 
B) The heart and cardiovascular system are of minimal importance to the process of biotransformation. 
C) The site of action is the central nervous system. 
D) Rectal administration is quite common, although it is relatively inefficient. 
A) The speed at which the compound begins to take effect varies as a result of the drug-specific site of action. 
B) The heart and cardiovascular system are of minimal importance to the process of biotransformation. 
C) The site of action is the central nervous system. 
D) Rectal administration is quite common, although it is relatively inefficient.

Question 8

Describe the term distribution half-life, including its two subforms.

Accepted Answer

The term distribution half-life refers t

Question 9

Jared is experiencing an overdose of heroin.He is rushed to the hospital and given another drug that blocks his opioid receptor sites, thus preventing the effects of the overdose from stopping his respiration.Jared was most likely given

Accepted Answer

A) Naltraxone. 
B) Disulfiram 
C) Narcan. 
D) Buspirone. 
A) Naltraxone. 
B) Disulfiram 
C) Narcan. 
D) Buspirone.

Question 10

Describe the actions and effects of agonists and antagonists on a receptor sites.

Accepted Answer

Agonists are molecules that bind to a re

Question 11

Which of the following is most accurate in regards to bioavailability?

Accepted Answer

A) It is concerned with the biotransformation process after a compound is administered into the human body. 
B) It forces the body to absorb a compound more rapidly. 
C) It is only 1/100,000th of an inch from drug molecules and the circulatory system. 
D) It reflects the concentration of unchanged chemical at the site of action. 
A) It is concerned with the biotransformation process after a compound is administered into the human body. 
B) It forces the body to absorb a compound more rapidly. 
C) It is only 1/100,000th of an inch from drug molecules and the circulatory system. 
D) It reflects the concentration of unchanged chemical at the site of action.

Question 12

According to your text, drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals both

Accepted Answer

A) destroy emerging potentials within the body. 
B) cause a disruption in protein absorption for most persons. 
C) destroy most of the essential enzymes found in the brain. 
D) modify a potential that already exists in the body or brain. 
A) destroy emerging potentials within the body. 
B) cause a disruption in protein absorption for most persons. 
C) destroy most of the essential enzymes found in the brain. 
D) modify a potential that already exists in the body or brain.

Question 13

Describe the processes of neurotransmitter reuptake and destruction, noting where these processes take place.

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmitter reuptake and destructio

Question 14

If 99 percent of test subjects have the desired response to the same medication identified in the last question at a dosage level of 20 mg, this would be called:

Accepted Answer

A) the LD99. 
B) the ED99. 
C) the minimal effective dose. 
D) the therapeutic half-life of that compound at the 99th percentile. 
A) the LD99. 
B) the ED99. 
C) the minimal effective dose. 
D) the therapeutic half-life of that compound at the 99th percentile.

Question 15

If 95 % of test subjects have the desired response to medication "X" at a dosage level of 15 mg, this would be called the

Accepted Answer

A) LD95. 
B) ED95. 
C) minimal effective dose. 
D) therapeutic half-life of that compound at the 95th %ile. 
A) LD95. 
B) ED95. 
C) minimal effective dose. 
D) therapeutic half-life of that compound at the 95th %ile.

Question 16

A drug that has a narrow therapeutic window would

Accepted Answer

A) be easy to overdose. 
B) be difficult to overdose. 
C) never reach its peak effect. 
D) reach its peak effect slowly. 
A) be easy to overdose. 
B) be difficult to overdose. 
C) never reach its peak effect. 
D) reach its peak effect slowly.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true concerning the bioavailability of chemical compounds related to drug misuse and abuse?

Accepted Answer

A) There is little known about drug distribution patterns in overdose situations. 
B) The main site of biotransformation is the pancreas. 
C) The effects of any compound are the same in animals as in humans. 
D) The method of administration for a compound does not matter in pharmacokinetics. 
A) There is little known about drug distribution patterns in overdose situations. 
B) The main site of biotransformation is the pancreas. 
C) The effects of any compound are the same in animals as in humans. 
D) The method of administration for a compound does not matter in pharmacokinetics.

Question 18

Which process is affected by factors such as the individual's sex, state of hydration, genetic heritage, general health, and muscle/adipose tissue ratio?

Accepted Answer

A) Peak effect 
B) Drug interaction 
C) Diffusion 
D) Distribution 
A) Peak effect 
B) Drug interaction 
C) Diffusion 
D) Distribution

Question 19

An advantage of administering a drug parenterally is

Accepted Answer

A) the drug is not delayed by the stomach emptying process. 
B) it avoids the danger of the drug being mixed with food in the GI tract. 
C) the drug is not exposed to gastric juices. 
D) all of these answers. 
A) the drug is not delayed by the stomach emptying process. 
B) it avoids the danger of the drug being mixed with food in the GI tract. 
C) the drug is not exposed to gastric juices. 
D) all of these answers.

Question 20

For most of the psychoactive pharmaceuticals as well as various other drugs that are misused, the site of action

Accepted Answer

A) is neurons in the central nervous system. 
B) is on the contralateral side of the body from where it was administered. 
C) involves the kidneys during the biotransformation process. 
D) depends on how the substance was administered. 
A) is neurons in the central nervous system. 
B) is on the contralateral side of the body from where it was administered. 
C) involves the kidneys during the biotransformation process. 
D) depends on how the substance was administered.

Exam 3: A Brief Introduction to the Science of Pharmacology

Define the terms effective dose and lethal dose.Explain how these might be used to calculate the therapeutic index of a drug.

The biotransformation process for pharmaceuticals was once called

The dosage level that would kill 5 % of those people who took an overdose of medication "X" (medication from last question) is 400 mg.This would mean that

Describe the process of biotransformation.

The term "skin popping" used by some drug addicts refers to the route of drug administration.

Drugs that are abused comprise a special class of chemicals that are different from drugs that are used pharmaceutically.

Which of the following is true regarding drugs of abuse?

Describe the term distribution half-life, including its two subforms.

Jared is experiencing an overdose of heroin.He is rushed to the hospital and given another drug that blocks his opioid receptor sites, thus preventing the effects of the overdose from stopping his respiration.Jared was most likely given

Describe the actions and effects of agonists and antagonists on a receptor sites.

Which of the following is most accurate in regards to bioavailability?

According to your text, drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals both

Describe the processes of neurotransmitter reuptake and destruction, noting where these processes take place.

If 99 percent of test subjects have the desired response to the same medication identified in the last question at a dosage level of 20 mg, this would be called:

If 95 % of test subjects have the desired response to medication "X" at a dosage level of 15 mg, this would be called the

A drug that has a narrow therapeutic window would

Which of the following statements is true concerning the bioavailability of chemical compounds related to drug misuse and abuse?

Which process is affected by factors such as the individual's sex, state of hydration, genetic heritage, general health, and muscle/adipose tissue ratio?

An advantage of administering a drug parenterally is

For most of the psychoactive pharmaceuticals as well as various other drugs that are misused, the site of action

Why Worry About Substance Misuse or Substance Use Disorders

The Nature of the Beast

An Introduction to Alcohol: Mans Oldest Recreational Chemical

The Alcohol Use Disorders

Misuse of Barbiturates and Barbiturate-Like Compounds

Misuse of Benzodiazepines and Similar Agents

Misuse of Central Nervous System Stimulants and Stimulant Use Disorders

Cocaine Misuse and Cocaine Use Disorder

Marijuana Misuse and Cannabis Use Disorder

Opioid Use and Misuse

Hallucinogen Misuse

Misuse of Inhalants and Aerosols

The Under-Recognized Problem of Steroid Misuse

Tobacco Products and Tobacco Use Disorder

Over the Counter Analgesics

Chemicals and the Neonate

Gender and Substance Use Disorders

Hidden Faces of Substance Use Disorders

Substance Misuse by Children and Adolescents

Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders in College Students

Substance Use Disorders and the Older Adult

Substance Use Disorders and the Family

Codependency and Enabling

The Client With Co-Occurring Disorders: Substance Use Disorders and Mental Illness

The Biopsychosocial Model of the Substance Use Disorders

The Substance Use Disorders As a Disease of the Human Spirit

The Assessment of Suspected Substance Use Disorders

Intervention

Treatment Settings

Treatment Formats

The Process of Treatment

Pharmacological Interventions for Substance Use Disorders

Relapse and Other Problems Frequently Encountered in Substance Rehabilitation

Support Groups to Promote and Sustain Recovery

Substance Use Disorders and Infectious Disease

The Relationship Between Drugs and Crime

The Debate Over Legalization

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