Exam 11: Causation

Professor Cortez is interested in developing a better idea of how test scores (the independent variable) and study habits (the dependent variable) are relateD .This is called the:

A group of medical researchers want to study the effects of a potential new drug on a group of participants .Introducing the drug to this experimental group is referred to as an:

The medical director (a doctor) of a nursing care facility observes that patients seem to be livelier after doing physical activity .She decides to create a regular exercise class for all residents and recommends it to them as part of her specific medical advice .She plans to observe whether patients will become livelier over the long run .This is an example of:

Which study shows the best evidence of causation?

According to the spokesperson, what type of variable is receiving a microloan?

Which of the following could explain this result?

A visitor to Earth from another planet noticed that people started to buy lighter clothing such as t-shirts and sandals .A few weeks later, the temperature increaseD .The visitor concluded that the shopping caused the change of weather .This error is called

A study falsely concluded that eating ice cream causes drowning because both increase during the summer months .In fact, the warmer weather leads people to go swimming more often, leading to more deaths due to drowning, and more people eat ice cream as the temperature rises .The correct explanation is called

Previous studies have suggested that frequent communication with parents serves as a protective factor against drug use by children .This is an example of a:

A survey of a large population found self-reported health to be a positive significant predictor of happiness .In all likelihood, self-reported health in this study is

A hypothesis is that that spending time hiking in the woods improves seasonal allergies .Hikers and non-hikers were surveyed, and hikers were found to have fewer seasonal allergies .People with allergies may choose not to hike in the woods .This is an example of

A study followed charter school students to observe their progress over time .The researchers tried to figure out what would have happened if the students had not attended the charter school .This imaginary condition is called the

When more people walk along a waterfront, the perception that it is a safe area increases .When a waterfront area is perceived as safe, people are more likely to walk there .A researcher estimates the effect of safety perceptions on walking .Her study is an example of ignoring

Ethically, the benefits of an experiment must outweigh the risks .This involves researchers following formal principles such as:

Which statement most likely represents the perspective of the spokesperson?

Researchers have to be cautious in determining whether or not a variable is a(n) _______, in that it causally comes before both the independent and dependent variables.