Question 1

Most media reports of gender differences in cognitive performance focus on a biological basis for these differences, and

Accepted Answer

A)  most researchers accept this view. 
B)  most researchers believe that an interaction of biological and environmental factors provides a better explanation. 
C)  most psychologists reject the possibility of biological factors influencing behavior. 
D)  a majority of researchers questions not only the validity but also the wisdom of this approach. 
A)  most researchers accept this view. 
B)  most researchers believe that an interaction of biological and environmental factors provides a better explanation. 
C)  most psychologists reject the possibility of biological factors influencing behavior. 
D)  a majority of researchers questions not only the validity but also the wisdom of this approach.

Question 2

When women perform more poorly on a math test after hearing that women do worse on this type of test than men do, ___________ has shown an effect.

Accepted Answer

A)  reverse discrimination 
B)  male superiority 
C)  stereotype threat 
D)  a negative reinforcement gradient 
A)  reverse discrimination 
B)  male superiority 
C)  stereotype threat 
D)  a negative reinforcement gradient

Question 3

A study of attitudes toward mathematics of children around the world showed that

Accepted Answer

A)  children tend to evaluate mathematics as difficult and not very interesting. 
B)  children in Europe evaluated mathematics as interesting, but students in the U. S. did not. 
C)  children in Asia evaluated mathematics as not difficult but not interesting. 
D)  younger children gave more negative evaluations than older children and adolescents. 
A)  children tend to evaluate mathematics as difficult and not very interesting. 
B)  children in Europe evaluated mathematics as interesting, but students in the U. S. did not. 
C)  children in Asia evaluated mathematics as not difficult but not interesting. 
D)  younger children gave more negative evaluations than older children and adolescents.

Question 4

When examining the cross-cultural research on mathematical and spatial performance for women and men, differences appear among countries.

Accepted Answer

A)  Women in some cultures score higher in these tasks than men in other cultures. 
B)  But men always show an advantage in a wide range of spatial tasks. 
C)  Cultural variation is much smaller than the differences between men and women. 
D)  But women in Asia score as high in spatial performance as men in those cultures. 
A)  Women in some cultures score higher in these tasks than men in other cultures. 
B)  But men always show an advantage in a wide range of spatial tasks. 
C)  Cultural variation is much smaller than the differences between men and women. 
D)  But women in Asia score as high in spatial performance as men in those cultures.

Question 5

The ability to detect the horizontal or vertical in the presence of distracting information is

Accepted Answer

A)  spatial orientation. 
B)  spatial perception. 
C)  perceptual distortion. 
D)  figure-ground contrast. 
A)  spatial orientation. 
B)  spatial perception. 
C)  perceptual distortion. 
D)  figure-ground contrast.

Question 6

Men and boys have larger advantages over women and girls in tests of ______ but small or no advantage on ________ tests.

Accepted Answer

A)  spatial perception . . . . mental rotation 
B)  spatial visualization . . . . mental rotation 
C)  mental rotation . . . . spatial memory 
D)  verbal analogies . . . . mental rotation 
A)  spatial perception . . . . mental rotation 
B)  spatial visualization . . . . mental rotation 
C)  mental rotation . . . . spatial memory 
D)  verbal analogies . . . . mental rotation

Question 7

The most influential tests of intelligence have defined intelligence in terms of

Accepted Answer

A)  adaptability. 
B)  sensory acuity. 
C)  school-related abilities. 
D)  motor skills 
A)  adaptability. 
B)  sensory acuity. 
C)  school-related abilities. 
D)  motor skills

Question 8

In several studies using imaging techniques of brains at work, men's and women's brains have shown different patterns of activation.

Accepted Answer

A)  These patterns provide evidence for the relationship between structure and behavioral gender differences. 
B)  But the function of men's and women's brains are more alike than different. 
C)  Women's brains show a more active pattern than men's brains. 
D)  Women's brains show more left hemisphere activation, and men's brains show more right hemisphere activation. 
A)  These patterns provide evidence for the relationship between structure and behavioral gender differences. 
B)  But the function of men's and women's brains are more alike than different. 
C)  Women's brains show a more active pattern than men's brains. 
D)  Women's brains show more left hemisphere activation, and men's brains show more right hemisphere activation.

Question 9

Research on the ability to understand nonverbal communication indicates that

Accepted Answer

A)  women are better at these skills-a confirmation of "women's intuition." 
B)  there are no gender-related differences in these skills-a failure to confirm the concept of "women's intuition." 
C)  men are better a these skills-it should be called "men's intuition." 
D)  greater skill at interpreting nonverbal cues goes with the subordinate position rather than gender-it should be called "subordinates' intuition." 
A)  women are better at these skills-a confirmation of "women's intuition." 
B)  there are no gender-related differences in these skills-a failure to confirm the concept of "women's intuition." 
C)  men are better a these skills-it should be called "men's intuition." 
D)  greater skill at interpreting nonverbal cues goes with the subordinate position rather than gender-it should be called "subordinates' intuition."

Question 10

Examining research evidence on spatial performance from one Stone Age culture, one culture from the Middle East, and another from northern Europe, results showed that

Accepted Answer

A)  the performance of men and women varied from the results of studies done on participants from the United States. 
B)  boys and men outperformed girls and women in all cultures, but the gender difference was not as large as the gender difference found in the United States. 
C)  girls and women only show a performance deficit in the United States. 
D)  the pattern of gender differences that appear in the United States is common to other industrialized (but not to unindustrialized) cultures. 
A)  the performance of men and women varied from the results of studies done on participants from the United States. 
B)  boys and men outperformed girls and women in all cultures, but the gender difference was not as large as the gender difference found in the United States. 
C)  girls and women only show a performance deficit in the United States. 
D)  the pattern of gender differences that appear in the United States is common to other industrialized (but not to unindustrialized) cultures.

Question 11

One of the main problems in concluding anything about the role of gender in verbal, quantitative, and spatial abilities is

Accepted Answer

A)  these abilities change so much over the developmental span, and boys and girls experience many fluctuations in their performance. 
B)  that the role of hormones has not been studied. 
C)  meta-analytic studies indicate that there are no gender differences in any of these areas. 
D)  each of these areas has been defined using so many different types of tasks that underlying ability is difficult to determine. 
A)  these abilities change so much over the developmental span, and boys and girls experience many fluctuations in their performance. 
B)  that the role of hormones has not been studied. 
C)  meta-analytic studies indicate that there are no gender differences in any of these areas. 
D)  each of these areas has been defined using so many different types of tasks that underlying ability is difficult to determine.

Question 12

Experience plays a role in spatial task performance. Evidence confirming this role comes from

Accepted Answer

A)  a study that indicated that people who are better at spatial performance participated in physical activity. 
B)  a study that indicated that allowing women to familiarize themselves with the computer also erased the gender difference on the spatial task performed on the computer. 
C)  a study that indicated that men who are good at verbal skills are also good at spatial skills. 
D)  both a and b 
E)  all of the above 
A)  a study that indicated that people who are better at spatial performance participated in physical activity. 
B)  a study that indicated that allowing women to familiarize themselves with the computer also erased the gender difference on the spatial task performed on the computer. 
C)  a study that indicated that men who are good at verbal skills are also good at spatial skills. 
D)  both a and b 
E)  all of the above

Question 13

According to studies by Richard Nisbett and his colleagues on the influence of culture on cognitive processes,

Accepted Answer

A)  people in Western cultures tend to think more holistically. 
B)  people in Asian cultures tend to think more analytically. 
C)  women in Asian cultures tend to think more analytically than women in Western cultures. 
D)  all of the above 
E)  none of the above 
A)  people in Western cultures tend to think more holistically. 
B)  people in Asian cultures tend to think more analytically. 
C)  women in Asian cultures tend to think more analytically than women in Western cultures. 
D)  all of the above 
E)  none of the above

Question 14

Terman's finding during the early 1900s that women and men score similarly on IQ tests

Accepted Answer

A)  has not yet been fully accepted; people still estimate men's IQs as higher than women's IQs. 
B)  provoked a storm of protest from educators, who began reforms to change education. 
C)  prompted educators to begin encouraging women to seek higher education. 
D)  both b and c 
A)  has not yet been fully accepted; people still estimate men's IQs as higher than women's IQs. 
B)  provoked a storm of protest from educators, who began reforms to change education. 
C)  prompted educators to begin encouraging women to seek higher education. 
D)  both b and c

Question 15

As samples become more selected for high mathematics ability,

Accepted Answer

A)  fewer girls appear in the sample. 
B)  fewer mathematics classes are required for high scores. 
C)  grades become poorer predictors of mathematics achievement. 
D)  more groups of ethnic backgrounds appear in the sample. 
A)  fewer girls appear in the sample. 
B)  fewer mathematics classes are required for high scores. 
C)  grades become poorer predictors of mathematics achievement. 
D)  more groups of ethnic backgrounds appear in the sample.

Question 16

Evolutionary psychologists take the view that the cognitive abilities of women and men

Accepted Answer

A)  differ because men dominated women during human prehistory, which prevented women from developing good spatial abilities. 
B)  differ because women developed good spatial abilities by foraging, and men developed good nonverbal communication through the need to communicate during hunting. 
C)  differ because the task demands differed for women and men in human prehistory, prompting different brain organization. 
D)  are similar because spatial abilities were more important than verbal abilities during human prehistory, creating individuals with similar cognitive abilities. 
A)  differ because men dominated women during human prehistory, which prevented women from developing good spatial abilities. 
B)  differ because women developed good spatial abilities by foraging, and men developed good nonverbal communication through the need to communicate during hunting. 
C)  differ because the task demands differed for women and men in human prehistory, prompting different brain organization. 
D)  are similar because spatial abilities were more important than verbal abilities during human prehistory, creating individuals with similar cognitive abilities.

Question 17

Meta-analytic studies of mathematical ability reveal that

Accepted Answer

A)  women have advantages in some quantitative tasks, and men have advantages in others. 
B)  men's advantage is small for arithmetic computation but large for mathematical problem solving. 
C)  men's advantage is larger than previously believed. 
D)  gender differences in mathematical ability had reversed-women now do better than men in problem-solving tasks. 
A)  women have advantages in some quantitative tasks, and men have advantages in others. 
B)  men's advantage is small for arithmetic computation but large for mathematical problem solving. 
C)  men's advantage is larger than previously believed. 
D)  gender differences in mathematical ability had reversed-women now do better than men in problem-solving tasks.

Question 18

The definition of spatial ability has included the ability to

Accepted Answer

A)  visualize objects. 
B)  mentally manipulate objects. 
C)  locate figures embedded in a larger figure. 
D)  perceive spatial patterns. 
E)  all of the above 
A)  visualize objects. 
B)  mentally manipulate objects. 
C)  locate figures embedded in a larger figure. 
D)  perceive spatial patterns. 
E)  all of the above

Question 19

Reviews of research on gender differences in verbal ability have usually concluded that

Accepted Answer

A)  girls and women have a large advantage in most verbal tasks. 
B)  girls and women have a small advantage in many verbal tasks and a large advantage in writing. 
C)  girls have a large advantage in many types of verbal tasks, but this advantage disappears during adolescence. 
D)  neither gender has an advantage in any verbal task. 
A)  girls and women have a large advantage in most verbal tasks. 
B)  girls and women have a small advantage in many verbal tasks and a large advantage in writing. 
C)  girls have a large advantage in many types of verbal tasks, but this advantage disappears during adolescence. 
D)  neither gender has an advantage in any verbal task.

Question 20

The type of holistic, situation-dependent thinking that Nisbett claimed is typical of people in Asian cultures also leads these individuals to

Accepted Answer

A)  perform better than people in Europe and the United States on spatial tasks. 
B)  perform more poorly than people in Europe and the United States on spatial tasks. 
C)  have less confidence in their verbal abilities than people in Western countries. 
D)  both a and c 
A)  perform better than people in Europe and the United States on spatial tasks. 
B)  perform more poorly than people in Europe and the United States on spatial tasks. 
C)  have less confidence in their verbal abilities than people in Western countries. 
D)  both a and c

Most media reports of gender differences in cognitive performance focus on a biological basis for these differences, and

When women perform more poorly on a math test after hearing that women do worse on this type of test than men do, ___________ has shown an effect.

A study of attitudes toward mathematics of children around the world showed that

When examining the cross-cultural research on mathematical and spatial performance for women and men, differences appear among countries.

The ability to detect the horizontal or vertical in the presence of distracting information is

Men and boys have larger advantages over women and girls in tests of but small or no advantage on __ tests.

The most influential tests of intelligence have defined intelligence in terms of

In several studies using imaging techniques of brains at work, men's and women's brains have shown different patterns of activation.

Research on the ability to understand nonverbal communication indicates that

Examining research evidence on spatial performance from one Stone Age culture, one culture from the Middle East, and another from northern Europe, results showed that

One of the main problems in concluding anything about the role of gender in verbal, quantitative, and spatial abilities is

Experience plays a role in spatial task performance. Evidence confirming this role comes from

According to studies by Richard Nisbett and his colleagues on the influence of culture on cognitive processes,

Terman's finding during the early 1900s that women and men score similarly on IQ tests

As samples become more selected for high mathematics ability,

Evolutionary psychologists take the view that the cognitive abilities of women and men

Meta-analytic studies of mathematical ability reveal that

The definition of spatial ability has included the ability to

Reviews of research on gender differences in verbal ability have usually concluded that

The type of holistic, situation-dependent thinking that Nisbett claimed is typical of people in Asian cultures also leads these individuals to

The Study of Gender

Researching Sex and Gender

Gender Stereotypes: Masculinity and Femininity

Hormones and Chromosomes

Theories of Gender Development

Developing Gender Identity

Emotion

Relationships

Sexuality

School

Careers and Work

Health and Fitness

Stress, Coping, and Psychopathology

Treatment for Mental Disorders

How Different

Filters

Exam 7: Intelligence and Cognitive Abilities

Most media reports of gender differences in cognitive performance focus on a biological basis for these differences, and

When women perform more poorly on a math test after hearing that women do worse on this type of test than men do, ___________ has shown an effect.

A study of attitudes toward mathematics of children around the world showed that

When examining the cross-cultural research on mathematical and spatial performance for women and men, differences appear among countries.

The ability to detect the horizontal or vertical in the presence of distracting information is

Men and boys have larger advantages over women and girls in tests of ______ but small or no advantage on ________ tests.

The most influential tests of intelligence have defined intelligence in terms of

In several studies using imaging techniques of brains at work, men's and women's brains have shown different patterns of activation.

Research on the ability to understand nonverbal communication indicates that

Examining research evidence on spatial performance from one Stone Age culture, one culture from the Middle East, and another from northern Europe, results showed that

One of the main problems in concluding anything about the role of gender in verbal, quantitative, and spatial abilities is

Experience plays a role in spatial task performance. Evidence confirming this role comes from

According to studies by Richard Nisbett and his colleagues on the influence of culture on cognitive processes,

Terman's finding during the early 1900s that women and men score similarly on IQ tests

As samples become more selected for high mathematics ability,

Evolutionary psychologists take the view that the cognitive abilities of women and men

Meta-analytic studies of mathematical ability reveal that

The definition of spatial ability has included the ability to

Reviews of research on gender differences in verbal ability have usually concluded that

The type of holistic, situation-dependent thinking that Nisbett claimed is typical of people in Asian cultures also leads these individuals to

The Study of Gender

Researching Sex and Gender

Gender Stereotypes: Masculinity and Femininity

Hormones and Chromosomes

Theories of Gender Development

Developing Gender Identity

Emotion

Relationships

Sexuality

School

Careers and Work

Health and Fitness

Stress, Coping, and Psychopathology

Treatment for Mental Disorders

How Different

Filters

Men and boys have larger advantages over women and girls in tests of but small or no advantage on __ tests.