Question 1

Operant conditioning explains learning through

Accepted Answer

A)  pressure and resistance. 
B)  reinforcement and punishment. 
C)  reinforcement and delineation. 
D)  pressure and punishment. 
A)  pressure and resistance. 
B)  reinforcement and punishment. 
C)  reinforcement and delineation. 
D)  pressure and punishment.

Question 2

According to the Greek legend upon which Freud based the dynamics of the Oedipus complex, Oedipus

Accepted Answer

A)  killed his father and married his mother. 
B)  killed both his parents and married his sister. 
C)  felt anger and rage toward his father and left home despite his affection for his mother. 
D)  went to war to avoid acknowledging hostile feelings for his parents. 
A)  killed his father and married his mother. 
B)  killed both his parents and married his sister. 
C)  felt anger and rage toward his father and left home despite his affection for his mother. 
D)  went to war to avoid acknowledging hostile feelings for his parents.

Question 3

Horney's interpretation of masochism

Accepted Answer

A)  differed from Freud's in her emphasis on the social and cultural factors that contribute to masochism. 
B)  differed from Freud's in her denial of the existence of masochism. 
C)  was similar to Freud's in her reliance on the biology of masochism. 
D)  was similar to Freud's in her belief in the widespread existence of masochism in all cultures. 
A)  differed from Freud's in her emphasis on the social and cultural factors that contribute to masochism. 
B)  differed from Freud's in her denial of the existence of masochism. 
C)  was similar to Freud's in her reliance on the biology of masochism. 
D)  was similar to Freud's in her belief in the widespread existence of masochism in all cultures.

Question 4

Sigmund Freud was

Accepted Answer

A)  one of the founders of psychology who developed a theory specific to moral development. 
B)  an early physician who discovered gender-related differences in the physiology of emotion. 
C)  a neurologist who formulated a theory of personality development. 
D)  one of the founders of physiology who studied psychological reactions to physical stimuli. 
A)  one of the founders of psychology who developed a theory specific to moral development. 
B)  an early physician who discovered gender-related differences in the physiology of emotion. 
C)  a neurologist who formulated a theory of personality development. 
D)  one of the founders of physiology who studied psychological reactions to physical stimuli.

Question 5

Adoption of the male or female gender role is similar to

Accepted Answer

A)  learning a part to play from a script. 
B)  internalizing the trauma associated with gender identity development. 
C)  reformulating the meaning of masculinity and femininity on an individual level. 
D)  restructuring the critical elements of gender-related behaviors that each child observes. 
A)  learning a part to play from a script. 
B)  internalizing the trauma associated with gender identity development. 
C)  reformulating the meaning of masculinity and femininity on an individual level. 
D)  restructuring the critical elements of gender-related behaviors that each child observes.

Question 6

Ellyn Kaschak proposed Antigone as a representation of female psychological development because

Accepted Answer

A)  Antigone felt sexually attracted to her father. 
B)  Antigone represented the daughter who was subservient to male power. 
C)  the female Oedipus complex was too violent to be accurate. 
D)  only a mythical relationship could symbolize the dynamics of male-female relationships. 
A)  Antigone felt sexually attracted to her father. 
B)  Antigone represented the daughter who was subservient to male power. 
C)  the female Oedipus complex was too violent to be accurate. 
D)  only a mythical relationship could symbolize the dynamics of male-female relationships.

Question 7

Which theory of gender development best fits the data?

Accepted Answer

A)  social learning theory 
B)  cognitive developmental theory 
C)  gender schema theory 
D)  None is a good fit with all of the evidence. 
A)  social learning theory 
B)  cognitive developmental theory 
C)  gender schema theory 
D)  None is a good fit with all of the evidence.

Question 8

Penis envy

Accepted Answer

A)  is part of the male Oedipus complex in boys. 
B)  is the anxiety boys feel due to comparisons of their genitals with those of adult men. 
C)  is part of the female Oedipus complex. 
D)  can be resolved in girls more easily than in boys. 
E)  both a and b 
A)  is part of the male Oedipus complex in boys. 
B)  is the anxiety boys feel due to comparisons of their genitals with those of adult men. 
C)  is part of the female Oedipus complex. 
D)  can be resolved in girls more easily than in boys. 
E)  both a and b

Question 9

Gender schema theory hypothesizes that the development of gender schemata

Accepted Answer

A)  follows a variable course for young children, with some children developing gender schema and some not. 
B)  is part of the process of developing a self-concept. 
C)  occurs faster in boys than in girls. 
D)  is tied to specific rewards and punishments between ages 2 and 4 years. 
A)  follows a variable course for young children, with some children developing gender schema and some not. 
B)  is part of the process of developing a self-concept. 
C)  occurs faster in boys than in girls. 
D)  is tied to specific rewards and punishments between ages 2 and 4 years.

Question 10

Social learning theory explains that both boys and girls observe the gender-related behaviors of both, and

Accepted Answer

A)  they are equally likely to perform both. 
B)  boys are more likely to perform both, but girls are not. 
C)  they are reinforced for performing the behaviors typical of their gender and not the other. 
D)  they have a great deal of difficulty in distinguishing the two until early adolescence, when they exhibit stable differences. 
A)  they are equally likely to perform both. 
B)  boys are more likely to perform both, but girls are not. 
C)  they are reinforced for performing the behaviors typical of their gender and not the other. 
D)  they have a great deal of difficulty in distinguishing the two until early adolescence, when they exhibit stable differences.

Question 11

Chodorow hypothesized a different course in personality development for boys and girls because

Accepted Answer

A)  boys develop a sexual attraction for their mothers that girls do not. 
B)  boys have a penis and girls do not. 
C)  most children have a female caregiver, which provides the basis for a different relationship with girls than with boys. 
D)  most children have ambivalent feelings about separation, both wanting to separate and fearing separation. 
A)  boys develop a sexual attraction for their mothers that girls do not. 
B)  boys have a penis and girls do not. 
C)  most children have a female caregiver, which provides the basis for a different relationship with girls than with boys. 
D)  most children have ambivalent feelings about separation, both wanting to separate and fearing separation.

Question 12

Research has indicated that individuals who have strong gender schemata

Accepted Answer

A)  are behaviorally similar to people with weaker schemata. 
B)  apply these standards of behavior to themselves but not necessarily to others. 
C)  are more androgynous than people with weaker schemata. 
D)  notice and remember more gender-related information than people with weaker gender schemata. 
A)  are behaviorally similar to people with weaker schemata. 
B)  apply these standards of behavior to themselves but not necessarily to others. 
C)  are more androgynous than people with weaker schemata. 
D)  notice and remember more gender-related information than people with weaker gender schemata.

Question 13

When children learn the rules for gender category formation, they become unwilling to make exceptions. That is, they tend to

Accepted Answer

A)  use a variety of flexible gender categories. 
B)  find it difficult to limit their categories to the two standard choices. 
C)  stereotype on the basis of gender. 
D)  use several different cognitive strategies to identify a stranger's gender. 
A)  use a variety of flexible gender categories. 
B)  find it difficult to limit their categories to the two standard choices. 
C)  stereotype on the basis of gender. 
D)  use several different cognitive strategies to identify a stranger's gender.

Question 14

Children who saw drawings of men and women performing gender-typical and gender-atypical actions

Accepted Answer

A)  had poor memories for women's actions regardless of how typical those actions were of women. 
B)  remembered those performing the gender-typical actions better than those performing the gender-atypical actions. 
C)  made no distinction on the basis of gender or on how gender-typical the actions were. 
D)  seemed psychologically "blind" to both men and women performing gender-atypical actions. 
A)  had poor memories for women's actions regardless of how typical those actions were of women. 
B)  remembered those performing the gender-typical actions better than those performing the gender-atypical actions. 
C)  made no distinction on the basis of gender or on how gender-typical the actions were. 
D)  seemed psychologically "blind" to both men and women performing gender-atypical actions.

Question 15

Positive effects of forming gender schemata include ___________, and negative effects include ___________.

Accepted Answer

A)  heterosexual sexual orientation . . . . homosexual sexual orientation 
B)  a positive self-concept . . . . adjustment problems 
C)  ease of cognitive processing. . . . stereotyping 
D)  establishing multiple categories . . . . confusion over gender 
A)  heterosexual sexual orientation . . . . homosexual sexual orientation 
B)  a positive self-concept . . . . adjustment problems 
C)  ease of cognitive processing. . . . stereotyping 
D)  establishing multiple categories . . . . confusion over gender

Question 16

Social learning theory emphasizes that learning occurs through

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement 
B)  punishment 
C)  observation 
D)  both a and b 
A)  reinforcement 
B)  punishment 
C)  observation 
D)  both a and b

Question 17

In Freud's theory

Accepted Answer

A)  gender and sexuality are important factors. 
B)  gender is important for moral development, but sexuality is less important to women than to men. 
C)  sexuality is important but can be repressed to the extent that it does not affect personality development. 
D)  gender is unimportant to personality development, with girls and boys going through similar processes, but sexuality is critically important. 
A)  gender and sexuality are important factors. 
B)  gender is important for moral development, but sexuality is less important to women than to men. 
C)  sexuality is important but can be repressed to the extent that it does not affect personality development. 
D)  gender is unimportant to personality development, with girls and boys going through similar processes, but sexuality is critically important.

Question 18

Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the basis for the cognitive developmental theory of gender,

Accepted Answer

A)  explains cognitive development in four stages, beginning in infancy and ending in early adolescence. 
B)  explains cognitive development in five stages, beginning in middle childhood and ending during early adulthood. 
C)  encompasses intellectual, emotional, and motivational components of learning and development. 
D)  is also a theory of personality development. 
A)  explains cognitive development in four stages, beginning in infancy and ending in early adolescence. 
B)  explains cognitive development in five stages, beginning in middle childhood and ending during early adulthood. 
C)  encompasses intellectual, emotional, and motivational components of learning and development. 
D)  is also a theory of personality development.

Question 19

Cognitive developmental theory and social learning theory differ in the

Accepted Answer

A)  existence of stages in cognitive developmental but not in social learning theory. 
B)  emphasis on cognitive factors in cognitive developmental but not in social learning theory. 
C)  the similarity of cognitive developmental theory to psychoanalytic theory. 
D)  the solid theoretical basis for social learning theory but the lack of a theoretical basis for cognitive developmental theory. 
A)  existence of stages in cognitive developmental but not in social learning theory. 
B)  emphasis on cognitive factors in cognitive developmental but not in social learning theory. 
C)  the similarity of cognitive developmental theory to psychoanalytic theory. 
D)  the solid theoretical basis for social learning theory but the lack of a theoretical basis for cognitive developmental theory.

Question 20

When boys feel sexual attraction to their mothers, hostility toward their fathers, and fears of punishment for these feelings,

Accepted Answer

A)  they are approaching puberty and sexual maturity. 
B)  they also experience castration anxiety. 
C)  their ids tend to take over, making them a dangerous threat to society. 
D)  all of the above 
A)  they are approaching puberty and sexual maturity. 
B)  they also experience castration anxiety. 
C)  their ids tend to take over, making them a dangerous threat to society. 
D)  all of the above

Operant conditioning explains learning through

According to the Greek legend upon which Freud based the dynamics of the Oedipus complex, Oedipus

Horney's interpretation of masochism

Sigmund Freud was

Adoption of the male or female gender role is similar to

Ellyn Kaschak proposed Antigone as a representation of female psychological development because

Which theory of gender development best fits the data?

Penis envy

Gender schema theory hypothesizes that the development of gender schemata

Social learning theory explains that both boys and girls observe the gender-related behaviors of both, and

Chodorow hypothesized a different course in personality development for boys and girls because

Research has indicated that individuals who have strong gender schemata

When children learn the rules for gender category formation, they become unwilling to make exceptions. That is, they tend to

Children who saw drawings of men and women performing gender-typical and gender-atypical actions

Positive effects of forming gender schemata include _, and negative effects include _.

Social learning theory emphasizes that learning occurs through

In Freud's theory

Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the basis for the cognitive developmental theory of gender,

Cognitive developmental theory and social learning theory differ in the

When boys feel sexual attraction to their mothers, hostility toward their fathers, and fears of punishment for these feelings,

The Study of Gender

Researching Sex and Gender

Gender Stereotypes: Masculinity and Femininity

Hormones and Chromosomes

Developing Gender Identity

Intelligence and Cognitive Abilities

Emotion

Relationships

Sexuality

School

Careers and Work

Health and Fitness

Stress, Coping, and Psychopathology

Treatment for Mental Disorders

How Different

Filters

Exam 5: Theories of Gender Development

Operant conditioning explains learning through

According to the Greek legend upon which Freud based the dynamics of the Oedipus complex, Oedipus

Horney's interpretation of masochism

Sigmund Freud was

Adoption of the male or female gender role is similar to

Ellyn Kaschak proposed Antigone as a representation of female psychological development because

Which theory of gender development best fits the data?

Penis envy

Gender schema theory hypothesizes that the development of gender schemata

Social learning theory explains that both boys and girls observe the gender-related behaviors of both, and

Chodorow hypothesized a different course in personality development for boys and girls because

Research has indicated that individuals who have strong gender schemata

When children learn the rules for gender category formation, they become unwilling to make exceptions. That is, they tend to

Children who saw drawings of men and women performing gender-typical and gender-atypical actions

Positive effects of forming gender schemata include ___________, and negative effects include ___________.

Social learning theory emphasizes that learning occurs through

In Freud's theory

Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the basis for the cognitive developmental theory of gender,

Cognitive developmental theory and social learning theory differ in the

When boys feel sexual attraction to their mothers, hostility toward their fathers, and fears of punishment for these feelings,

The Study of Gender

Researching Sex and Gender

Gender Stereotypes: Masculinity and Femininity

Hormones and Chromosomes

Developing Gender Identity

Intelligence and Cognitive Abilities

Emotion

Relationships

Sexuality

School

Careers and Work

Health and Fitness

Stress, Coping, and Psychopathology

Treatment for Mental Disorders

How Different

Filters

Positive effects of forming gender schemata include _, and negative effects include _.