Exam 4: Theories of Causation

According to differential association theory, delinquency and crime follow the pattern of social and physical structures of the city, with concentration occurring in deteriorated areas.

Low intelligence quotient (IQ) and/or learning disability are inherent determinants of delinquency.

Behaviorists believe that many of the principles learned in the study of animal behavior can be applied to humans.

Cohen argued that lower class juveniles experience the strain of being unsuccessful in middle-class terms, especially in the school setting.

From the labeling theorist's point of view, then, society's reaction to deviant behavior is crucially important in understanding who becomes labeled as ______.

Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of theories under the positivist school.

Pick any of the theories in this chapter and evaluate them with research either proving or disproving them.

Although dozens of ______ have been proposed in attempts to specify the causes of crime and delinquency, only a few of the more prominent attempts are discussed in the text.

Using data from the National Youth Survey, Hayes found that the new model showed that weakened social controls increase opportunities for associating with delinquent peers, learning delinquent behaviors, and committing initial delinquent acts.

In an acceptable theory, these assertions or propositions are related in a logical manner so that some other assertions or propositions can be derived (deduced) from others.

Sutherland developed what is known as the theory of ______; this theory combines some of the principles of behaviorism with the notion that learning takes place in interaction with social groups.

In the textbook definition of a theory, there exists a requirement that at least some of the propositions need to be ______.

______ theories assume that all of us must be held in check if we are to resist the temptation to commit criminal or delinquent acts.

______ is based on the idea that criminal behavior is only partially explained by social issues and that physiological factors, particularly neurological factors, play a more important role in determining criminality.

Labeling and stigma processes are not particularly important for understanding the consequences of parental incarceration for children.

The belief that deviance is caused by possession by an evil spirit has been entirely replaced by scientific explanations.

Cloward and Ohlin extended strain theory by focusing on the ______ that exist among juveniles.

Early attempts to explain various forms of deviant behavior (e.g., crime, delinquency, mental illness) focused on:

Briefly describe and discuss what is necessary for a good theory.

Braithwaite's concept of ______ (negative stigmatization) noted that it is destructive of social identities because it morally condemns and isolates people.