Exam 4: Intersectionality and Social Change

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The example of Taqwacore punk that McDowell describes illustrates the socially constructed nature of race in several ways. First, the Taqwacore punk movement itself challenges traditional notions of race and identity by bringing together individuals from diverse racial and cultural backgrounds who share a common interest in punk music and a commitment to their Muslim faith. This challenges the idea that race is a fixed and inherent characteristic, and instead highlights how it is shaped by social and cultural factors.

Additionally, the way in which Taqwacore punks are perceived and treated by society further demonstrates the socially constructed nature of race. McDowell describes how Taqwacore punks often face discrimination and prejudice based on their appearance and religious beliefs, despite the fact that they may come from a variety of racial backgrounds. This highlights how race is not simply a matter of physical appearance, but is also influenced by societal attitudes and power dynamics.

Overall, the example of Taqwacore punk illustrates how race is a complex and fluid concept that is shaped by social, cultural, and historical factors, rather than being a fixed and inherent characteristic. It challenges traditional notions of race and identity, and highlights the need to critically examine and deconstruct the ways in which race is constructed and perpetuated in society.

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Vasquez-Tokos and Norton-Smith's findings focus on the intersectionality of Latino feminist masculinities, highlighting the ways in which Latino men navigate their identities within the context of race, gender, and sexuality. They argue that traditional notions of masculinity are often limiting and oppressive, and that Latino men must navigate these expectations while also challenging them in order to create more inclusive and empowering forms of masculinity.

Hurtado and Sinha, on the other hand, also explore the intersectionality of masculinity, but specifically within the context of controlling images of gangs and sports. They argue that these controlling images are related to hegemonic masculinity in that they reinforce traditional notions of masculinity that are often based on dominance, aggression, and physical prowess. These images perpetuate the idea that men must be tough, aggressive, and in control in order to be considered "real men," and they often exclude and marginalize those who do not fit these narrow definitions.

In both cases, the controlling images of gangs and sports are related to hegemonic masculinity in that they reinforce and perpetuate traditional notions of masculinity that are based on dominance, aggression, and physical strength. These images create a narrow and limiting definition of what it means to be a man, and they often exclude and marginalize those who do not fit these narrow definitions. By exploring the intersectionality of masculinity and challenging these controlling images, scholars like Vasquez-Tokos, Norton-Smith, Hurtado, and Sinha are working to create more inclusive and empowering forms of masculinity that allow men to express themselves in ways that are not limited by traditional gender norms.