Question 1

define the following term:
-Benito Mussolini

Accepted Answer

Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) was an Italian political leader who rose to power in the early 20th century and became the founder of Fascism. He ruled Italy as the country's dictator from 1922 until his downfall in 1943 during World War II. Mussolini's historical significance lies in his establishment of a totalitarian regime, his role in the development of fascist ideology, and his impact on the course of World War II and European history.

Mussolini began his political career as a socialist but was expelled from the Socialist Party for advocating Italy's entry into World War I. After the war, he capitalized on the widespread dissatisfaction with the Italian government's handling of post-war treaties and the economic crisis. In 1919, Mussolini founded the Fascist Party, which promised to restore Italy's greatness through strong leadership and the creation of an empire.

In October 1922, Mussolini and his Blackshirt followers conducted the March on Rome, a mass demonstration that led to King Victor Emmanuel III inviting Mussolini to form a government. Once in power, Mussolini gradually dismantled the democratic institutions of Italy and established a dictatorship. He introduced the concept of a "corporate state," where the economy was collectively managed by employers, workers, and state officials organized into corporations.

Mussolini's regime was characterized by aggressive nationalism, the suppression of political dissent, the promotion of traditional gender roles, and the use of propaganda to control public opinion. He also sought to expand Italian territory, leading to the invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 and the subsequent declaration of an Italian empire.

His historical significance also includes his alliance with Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany, which led to Italy's participation in World War II on the side of the Axis powers. Mussolini's decision to enter the war proved disastrous for Italy, resulting in military defeats and the eventual occupation of the country by Allied forces.

In July 1943, Mussolini was deposed and arrested after a vote of no confidence from the Fascist Grand Council and the King. He was later rescued by German commandos and installed as the head of a puppet regime in Northern Italy, the Italian Social Republic, until he was captured and executed by Italian partisans in April 1945.

Mussolini's legacy is one of a brutal dictatorship that suppressed freedoms and led Italy into a catastrophic war. His rule serves as a cautionary tale of the dangers of authoritarianism and the extreme nationalist ideologies that can lead to conflict and suffering. Mussolini's establishment of Fascism also had a profound influence on other authoritarian movements around the world, including Nazi Germany, making him a significant figure in the history of the 20th century.

Question 2

define the following term:
-Nazis

Accepted Answer

The Nazis were a political party in Germany led by Adolf Hitler that rose to power in the 1930s. They were responsible for the Holocaust, in which six million Jews and millions of others were systematically murdered. The Nazis also initiated World War II, which resulted in the deaths of millions of people. Their ideology was based on extreme nationalism, racism, and anti-Semitism. The Nazi regime was known for its brutal tactics, including the use of concentration camps and forced labor. After their defeat in 1945, the Nazi party was outlawed and many of its leaders were prosecuted for war crimes. The legacy of the Nazis continues to be a dark chapter in history and a reminder of the dangers of extremism and hate.

Question 3

define the following term:
-Bauhaus School and Walter Gropius

Accepted Answer

The Bauhaus School was a renowned art and design school in Germany that operated from 1919 to 1933. It was founded by architect Walter Gropius, who aimed to create a total work of art that combined fine arts, crafts, and technology. The school's curriculum emphasized the unity of art, craft, and technology, and it sought to break down the barriers between different artistic disciplines.

Under Gropius's leadership, the Bauhaus School became a hotbed of avant-garde experimentation and innovation. It attracted a diverse group of artists, architects, and designers, including luminaries such as Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, and Marcel Breuer. The school's workshops produced iconic designs in furniture, architecture, and graphic design that are still influential today.

Gropius's vision for the Bauhaus School was to create a new kind of artist, one who could work across different mediums and collaborate with industry. He believed that art and design should serve the needs of society and that artists should be involved in the production of everyday objects. This philosophy had a lasting impact on the fields of architecture and design, and the Bauhaus School's legacy continues to be celebrated and studied around the world.

Question 4

define the following term:
-the New Deal

Accepted Answer

The New Deal was a series of programs an

Question 5

One significant effect of the Great Depression in Europe was

Accepted Answer

A) the complete destruction of Communist parties. 
B) huge unemployment rates in all nations but Great Britain. 
C) the strengthening of liberal, democratic movements in the 1930s. 
D) the rise of authoritarian movements in many areas of Europe. 
E) the growth of free trade in order to spur economic recovery. 
A) the complete destruction of Communist parties. 
B) huge unemployment rates in all nations but Great Britain. 
C) the strengthening of liberal, democratic movements in the 1930s. 
D) the rise of authoritarian movements in many areas of Europe. 
E) the growth of free trade in order to spur economic recovery.

Question 6

The sixty-three nations pledged "to renounce war as an instrument of national policy" in the Treaty of Locarno in 1925.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

define the following term:
-Adolph Hitler

Accepted Answer

Adolph Hitler was a German politician an

Question 8

Turkish forces created a new republic of Turkey in 1923 under the leadership of General Mustafa Kemal.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Which one of the following did not characterize the weakness of the League of Nations?

Accepted Answer

A) the failure of the United States to join. 
B) U.S. determination to be less involved in European affairs. 
C) U.S. determination to be more involved in European affairs. 
D) economic sanctions as the League's sole weapon. 
E) failure of the League to reprimand member states for acts of aggression. 
A) the failure of the United States to join. 
B) U.S. determination to be less involved in European affairs. 
C) U.S. determination to be more involved in European affairs. 
D) economic sanctions as the League's sole weapon. 
E) failure of the League to reprimand member states for acts of aggression.

Question 10

define the following term:
-Kristallnacht

Accepted Answer

Kristallnacht, also known as the Night o

Question 11

Mussolini came to power and made Italy the first Fascist nation in 1922 as the result of a violent civil war that drove King Victor Emmanuel III into exile.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

define the following term:
-Hermann Hesse's Steppenwolf

Accepted Answer

Hermann Hesse's Steppenwolf is a novel t

Question 13

After 1929, Stalin adopted the policy of world revolution, thus reversing Lenin and Trotsky's aim of establishing "socialism in one country."

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

define the following term:
-Francisco Franco and the Spanish Civil War

Accepted Answer

Francisco Franco was a Spanish general w

Question 15

define the following term:
-Carl Jung

Accepted Answer

Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and p

Question 16

define the following term:
-Dadaism

Accepted Answer

Dadaism, also known simply as Dada, is a

Question 17

Efforts to maintain European peace following World War I included

Accepted Answer

A) a three-way alliance between Great Britain, France, and the Weimar Republic. 
B) the addition of an armed international security force to the League of Nations. 
C) an inherently weak system of alliances between France and the Little Entente. 
D) increased intervention by the United States in European political affairs. 
E) the belated United States decision to Join the League of Nations. 
A) a three-way alliance between Great Britain, France, and the Weimar Republic. 
B) the addition of an armed international security force to the League of Nations. 
C) an inherently weak system of alliances between France and the Little Entente. 
D) increased intervention by the United States in European political affairs. 
E) the belated United States decision to Join the League of Nations.

Question 18

define the following term:
-Great Depression

Accepted Answer

The Great Depression was a severe worldw

Question 19

The Dada movement in art was known for all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A) an expressed contempt for Western culture. 
B) an effort to put a clear sense of purpose and ambition back into art and life. 
C) "anti-art" and the mockery of all known, traditional forms of artistic expression. 
D) a celebration of chaos and the absurd, often expressed in bizarre performances and collages of unrelated objects. 
E) being popular in Berlin during the Weimar years. 
A) an expressed contempt for Western culture. 
B) an effort to put a clear sense of purpose and ambition back into art and life. 
C) "anti-art" and the mockery of all known, traditional forms of artistic expression. 
D) a celebration of chaos and the absurd, often expressed in bizarre performances and collages of unrelated objects. 
E) being popular in Berlin during the Weimar years.

Question 20

Functionalism refers to the belief that art had a social function and could help create a new civilization.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 26: The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between the Wars, 1919-1939

define the following term: -Benito Mussolini

define the following term: -Nazis

define the following term: -Bauhaus School and Walter Gropius

define the following term: -the New Deal

One significant effect of the Great Depression in Europe was

The sixty-three nations pledged "to renounce war as an instrument of national policy" in the Treaty of Locarno in 1925.

define the following term: -Adolph Hitler

Turkish forces created a new republic of Turkey in 1923 under the leadership of General Mustafa Kemal.

Which one of the following did not characterize the weakness of the League of Nations?

define the following term: -Kristallnacht

Mussolini came to power and made Italy the first Fascist nation in 1922 as the result of a violent civil war that drove King Victor Emmanuel III into exile.

define the following term: -Hermann Hesse's Steppenwolf

After 1929, Stalin adopted the policy of world revolution, thus reversing Lenin and Trotsky's aim of establishing "socialism in one country."

define the following term: -Francisco Franco and the Spanish Civil War

define the following term: -Carl Jung

define the following term: -Dadaism

Efforts to maintain European peace following World War I included

define the following term: -Great Depression

The Dada movement in art was known for all of the following except

Functionalism refers to the belief that art had a social function and could help create a new civilization.

The Ancient Near East: the First Civilizations

The Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires

The Civilization of the Greeks

The Hellenistic World

The Roman Republic

The Roman Empire

Late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World

European Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750-1000

The Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages

The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power

The Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century

Recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance

Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century

Europe and the World: New Encounters, 1500-1800

State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century

Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: the Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science

The Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment

The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change

A Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon

The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society

Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815-1850

An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871

Mass Society in an Age of Progress, 1871-1894

An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894-1914

The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution

The Deepening of the European Crisis: World War Ii

Cold War and a New Western World, 1945-1965

Protest and Stagnation: the Western World, 1965-1985

After the Fall: the Western World in a Global Age Since 1985

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