Question 1

define the following term:
-Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems

Accepted Answer

Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems is a book written by Galileo Galilei in 1632. It is a discussion between three characters: Salviati, Sagredo, and Simplicio, who represent different viewpoints on the heliocentric and geocentric models of the universe. The dialogue is structured as a series of discussions and debates about the nature of the cosmos, with Salviati advocating for the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus, Sagredo serving as an open-minded observer, and Simplicio representing the traditional Aristotelian and Ptolemaic views.

Throughout the dialogue, Galileo presents arguments in favor of the heliocentric model, using evidence from observations made through his telescope. He also critiques the geocentric model and the traditional Aristotelian understanding of the natural world. The book was controversial at the time of its publication, as it challenged the established beliefs of the Catholic Church and the scientific community.

The Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems is an important work in the history of science, as it played a significant role in the transition from the geocentric to the heliocentric model of the universe. It also reflects the broader intellectual and cultural changes taking place during the Renaissance, as new ideas and discoveries were challenging traditional ways of thinking. The book remains a key text in the study of the history of astronomy and the scientific revolution.

Question 2

define the following term:
-Isaac Newton

Accepted Answer

Isaac Newton was a renowned English mathematician, physicist, and astronomer who is widely recognized as one of the most influential scientists of all time. He is best known for his work on the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which laid the groundwork for classical mechanics and greatly contributed to our understanding of the natural world. Newton also made significant contributions to the field of optics, developing the first reflecting telescope and conducting experiments on the nature of light and color. His groundbreaking work in mathematics, particularly in the development of calculus, has also had a lasting impact on the scientific community. Overall, Isaac Newton's work has had a profound and lasting influence on the fields of physics, mathematics, and astronomy, and his legacy continues to be celebrated and studied to this day.

Question 3

define the following term:
-Johannes Kepler

Accepted Answer

Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer who is best known for his laws of planetary motion.

Who? - Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer.

What? - He is best known for his laws of planetary motion, which describe the motion of planets around the sun.

Where? - Kepler lived and worked in various places, including Graz, Prague, and Linz.

When? - He lived from 1571 to 1630 and made significant contributions to astronomy and mathematics during the late 16th and early 17th centuries.

Why Important? - Kepler's laws of planetary motion laid the foundation for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation and were instrumental in the development of modern astronomy. His work also helped to overthrow the long-standing belief in a geocentric universe and paved the way for the acceptance of the heliocentric model. Kepler's contributions to science and astronomy have had a lasting impact on our understanding of the universe.

Question 4

define the following term:
-epicycles

Accepted Answer

Epicycles were a key concept in ancient

Question 5

The work of Blaise Pascal

Accepted Answer

A) succeeded in uniting Christianity and science. 
B) prioritized reason over faith. 
C) firmly rejected the teachings of Christianity. 
D) asserted that "finite man" was made secure and powerful in the new infinite world. 
E) believed that reason had limitations. 
A) succeeded in uniting Christianity and science. 
B) prioritized reason over faith. 
C) firmly rejected the teachings of Christianity. 
D) asserted that "finite man" was made secure and powerful in the new infinite world. 
E) believed that reason had limitations.

Question 6

define the following term:
-Aristotle

Accepted Answer

The answer of define the following term:
-Aristotle...

Question 7

Which of the following created three laws of planetary motion that helped disprove the basic structure of the Ptolemaic system?

Accepted Answer

A) Johannes Kepler. 
B) Tycho Brahe. 
C) Nicolaus Copernicus. 
D) Galileo. 
E) Isaac Newton. 
A) Johannes Kepler. 
B) Tycho Brahe. 
C) Nicolaus Copernicus. 
D) Galileo. 
E) Isaac Newton.

Question 8

define the following term:
-the Empyrean Heaven

Accepted Answer

The Empyrean Heaven is a concept in vari

Question 9

What were the contributions of Isaac Newton to a new vision of the universe? Does he deserve to be considered the most significant figure from the Scientific Revolution? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

Isaac Newton made several significant co

Question 10

How did women contribute to the beginnings of modern science? How did male scientists view women and female scientists?

Accepted Answer

Women have made significant contribution

Question 11

What relationships existed between scientists and religious authorities?

Accepted Answer

The relationship between scientists and

Question 12

define the following term:
-William Harvey

Accepted Answer

William Harvey was an English physician

Question 13

The philosophy of René Descartes

Accepted Answer

A) stressed a separation of mind and matter. 
B) stressed a holistic universe of mind and matter devoid of a creator-God. 
C) saw the material world as a living thing containing the human essence. 
D) would not have a wide influence upon Western thought until the nineteenth century. 
E) was condemned by the government of the Dutch Republic. 
A) stressed a separation of mind and matter. 
B) stressed a holistic universe of mind and matter devoid of a creator-God. 
C) saw the material world as a living thing containing the human essence. 
D) would not have a wide influence upon Western thought until the nineteenth century. 
E) was condemned by the government of the Dutch Republic.

Question 14

To what extent did the Scientific Revolution represent a revolutionary break with the past, and to what extent was it a continuation of old modes of thinking, knowledge, and perspectives?

Accepted Answer

The Scientific Revolution represented a

Question 15

Science became an integral part of Western culture in the eighteenth century because

Accepted Answer

A) people perceived it to be rationally superior to other belief systems. 
B) its mechanistic nature was popular with the lower classes. 
C) the victory of radical political groups throughout Europe encouraged freedom of expression. 
D) it offered a new means to make profits and maintain social order. 
E) it allowed an alternative religious belief system to that of Christianity. 
A) people perceived it to be rationally superior to other belief systems. 
B) its mechanistic nature was popular with the lower classes. 
C) the victory of radical political groups throughout Europe encouraged freedom of expression. 
D) it offered a new means to make profits and maintain social order. 
E) it allowed an alternative religious belief system to that of Christianity.

Question 16

Which one of the following comments best summarizes the impact of the Scientific Revolution on Western Civilization?

Accepted Answer

A) It created a new "heaven" but had little impact on conceptions of the earth. 
B) It slightly modified the medieval, Aristotelian-Ptolemaic worldview. 
C) It was a major turning point that represented cooperation in the pursuit of new knowledge. 
D) It forcefully and deliberately attacked the moral foundation of a Christian civilization. 
E) It created a new "earth" but had little impact on conceptions of the universe. 
A) It created a new "heaven" but had little impact on conceptions of the earth. 
B) It slightly modified the medieval, Aristotelian-Ptolemaic worldview. 
C) It was a major turning point that represented cooperation in the pursuit of new knowledge. 
D) It forcefully and deliberately attacked the moral foundation of a Christian civilization. 
E) It created a new "earth" but had little impact on conceptions of the universe.

Question 17

define the following term:
-On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Accepted Answer

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spher

Question 18

Unlike Francis Bacon, who argued that humanity's powers were to be used to "conquer nature," Benedict de Spinoza claimed that nature does not exist for human domination because nature and the universe and humanity itself are all part of God.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

define the following term:
-Principia

Accepted Answer

Principia is a Latin word that means "pr

Question 20

The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first

Accepted Answer

A) fund-raising events for medical research. 
B) regularly published scientific journals . 
C) code of ethics for experimentation on humans and animals. 
D) college departments for scientific study. 
E) international European institutions for the study of all branches of science and mathematics. 
A) fund-raising events for medical research. 
B) regularly published scientific journals . 
C) code of ethics for experimentation on humans and animals. 
D) college departments for scientific study. 
E) international European institutions for the study of all branches of science and mathematics.

Exam 16: Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: the Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science

define the following term: -Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems

define the following term: -Isaac Newton

define the following term: -Johannes Kepler

define the following term: -epicycles

The work of Blaise Pascal

define the following term: -Aristotle

Which of the following created three laws of planetary motion that helped disprove the basic structure of the Ptolemaic system?

define the following term: -the Empyrean Heaven

What were the contributions of Isaac Newton to a new vision of the universe? Does he deserve to be considered the most significant figure from the Scientific Revolution? Why or why not?

How did women contribute to the beginnings of modern science? How did male scientists view women and female scientists?

What relationships existed between scientists and religious authorities?

define the following term: -William Harvey

The philosophy of René Descartes

To what extent did the Scientific Revolution represent a revolutionary break with the past, and to what extent was it a continuation of old modes of thinking, knowledge, and perspectives?

Science became an integral part of Western culture in the eighteenth century because

Which one of the following comments best summarizes the impact of the Scientific Revolution on Western Civilization?

define the following term: -On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Unlike Francis Bacon, who argued that humanity's powers were to be used to "conquer nature," Benedict de Spinoza claimed that nature does not exist for human domination because nature and the universe and humanity itself are all part of God.

define the following term: -Principia

The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first

The Ancient Near East: the First Civilizations

The Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires

The Civilization of the Greeks

The Hellenistic World

The Roman Republic

The Roman Empire

Late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World

European Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750-1000

The Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages

The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power

The Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century

Recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance

Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century

Europe and the World: New Encounters, 1500-1800

State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century

The Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment

The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change

A Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon

The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society

Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815-1850

An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871

Mass Society in an Age of Progress, 1871-1894

An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894-1914

The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution

The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between the Wars, 1919-1939

The Deepening of the European Crisis: World War Ii

Cold War and a New Western World, 1945-1965

Protest and Stagnation: the Western World, 1965-1985

After the Fall: the Western World in a Global Age Since 1985

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