Question 1

One common threat to statistical conclusion validity is

Accepted Answer

A)  the manner in which a sample is pulled 
B)  whether the sample is randomly selected 
C)  the size of the sample 
D)  all of the above are threats 
A)  the manner in which a sample is pulled 
B)  whether the sample is randomly selected 
C)  the size of the sample 
D)  all of the above are threats C

Question 2

__________ bridges idiographic and nomothetic approaches to explanation by seeking to understand how causal mechanisms operate in specific contexts.

Accepted Answer

A)  Scientific constructivism 
B)  Scientific instrumentalism 
C)  Scientific realism 
D)  Scientific positivism 
A)  Scientific constructivism 
B)  Scientific instrumentalism 
C)  Scientific realism 
D)  Scientific positivism C

Question 3

Another word for an exploratory research study is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  cross-sectional research study 
B)  longitudinal research study 
C)  correlational study 
D)  double-blind study 
A)  cross-sectional research study 
B)  longitudinal research study 
C)  correlational study 
D)  double-blind study A

Question 4

Which of the following would not be an example of social artifacts as units of analysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  newspaper editorials 
B)  probation officers 
C)  television news programs 
D)  diaries 
A)  newspaper editorials 
B)  probation officers 
C)  television news programs 
D)  diaries

Question 5

Our ability to determine whether a change in the cause is statistically associated with a change in the effect is referring to what type of validity?

Accepted Answer

A)  face validity 
B)  statistical conclusion validity 
C)  internal validity 
D)  construct validity 
A)  face validity 
B)  statistical conclusion validity 
C)  internal validity 
D)  construct validity

Question 6

Which of the following would serve as a "snapshot" of a phenomenon at one point in time?

Accepted Answer

A)  panel study 
B)  cross-sectional study 
C)  cohort study 
D)  trend study 
A)  panel study 
B)  cross-sectional study 
C)  cohort study 
D)  trend study

Question 7

Identify four threats to validity discussed in your text. Give an example of each.

Accepted Answer

The four threats to validity discussed i

Question 8

In order to avoid mistaken inferences, researchers must be careful to specify the people or phenomena being studied, known as the  __________ .

Accepted Answer

The answer of In order to avoid mistaken inferences, researchers...

Question 9

__________ , units, and time are key elements in planning a research study.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ , units, and time are key...

Question 10

If a researcher restricts the kinds of concepts and variables to be considered as causes in criminal justice research, they are committing the error of  __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a researcher restricts the kinds of...

Question 11

Nonsystematic bias would be found in what type of validity problem?

Accepted Answer

A)  internal validity 
B)  statistical conclusion validity 
C)  external validity 
D)  construct validity 
A)  internal validity 
B)  statistical conclusion validity 
C)  external validity 
D)  construct validity

Question 12

Causally related can also be expressed as

Accepted Answer

A)  one relies upon the other 
B)  one precedes the other 
C)  one causes the other 
D)  none of the above 
A)  one relies upon the other 
B)  one precedes the other 
C)  one causes the other 
D)  none of the above

Question 13

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a cross-sectional study?

Accepted Answer

A)  The study is conducted at one point in time. 
B)  Cross-sectional studies for explanatory or evaluation purposes have an inherent flaw. 
C)  The study assesses changes that take place in a specific sample over time. 
D)  It allows a large population to be examined at a specific point in time. 
A)  The study is conducted at one point in time. 
B)  Cross-sectional studies for explanatory or evaluation purposes have an inherent flaw. 
C)  The study assesses changes that take place in a specific sample over time. 
D)  It allows a large population to be examined at a specific point in time.

Question 14

Which of the following is true with respect to validity threats?

Accepted Answer

A)  Internal validity leads to problems with generalization. 
B)  Construct validity makes it easy to establish cause and effect. 
C)  Internal validity arises from bias. 
D)  Statistical conclusion validity impacts which groups the findings apply to. 
A)  Internal validity leads to problems with generalization. 
B)  Construct validity makes it easy to establish cause and effect. 
C)  Internal validity arises from bias. 
D)  Statistical conclusion validity impacts which groups the findings apply to.

Question 15

Which of the following is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  X is a sufficient cause of Y if Y always happens when X is present. 
B)  Y is a necessary cause of X if Y always happens when X does. 
C)  X is a necessary cause of Y only if Y happens before X. 
D)  Y is a sufficient cause of X only if X happens before Y. 
A)  X is a sufficient cause of Y if Y always happens when X is present. 
B)  Y is a necessary cause of X if Y always happens when X does. 
C)  X is a necessary cause of Y only if Y happens before X. 
D)  Y is a sufficient cause of X only if X happens before Y.

Question 16

In the following research conclusion, what units of analysis are being used? "An enormous variation of deviant activities was represented in a sample of 1,485 news items. We categorized these deviant activities into five general types of analysis: violence, economic, political, ideological/cultural, and diversionary."

Accepted Answer

A)  individuals 
B)  social artifacts 
C)  organizations 
D)  groups 
A)  individuals 
B)  social artifacts 
C)  organizations 
D)  groups

Question 17

__________ refers to generalizing from what we observe and measure to the real-world things in which we are interested

Accepted Answer

A)  Construct validity 
B)  Internal validity 
C)  External validity 
D)  Statistical validity 
A)  Construct validity 
B)  Internal validity 
C)  External validity 
D)  Statistical validity

Question 18

In research such as that done by the National Crime Victimization Survey, the __________ study technique is most frequently employed.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In research such as that done by...

Question 19

It is often said that social science is inherently probabilistic. What is meant by that?

Accepted Answer

A)  Social sciences are probably hard to study. 
B)  The best that can be said of findings is that they are more or less likely to occur, but never with certainty. 
C)  Researchers can reduce the probability of findings being wrong to zero. 
D)  If the independent and dependent variables are truly causal, one can be certain of the results. 
A)  Social sciences are probably hard to study. 
B)  The best that can be said of findings is that they are more or less likely to occur, but never with certainty. 
C)  Researchers can reduce the probability of findings being wrong to zero. 
D)  If the independent and dependent variables are truly causal, one can be certain of the results.

Question 20

Research that aims to measure the recidivism rates for youths participating in a new boot camp program after its first year in operation may use the  __________  type of study.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research that aims to measure the recidivism...

One common threat to statistical conclusion validity is

__________ bridges idiographic and nomothetic approaches to explanation by seeking to understand how causal mechanisms operate in specific contexts.

Another word for an exploratory research study is a(n)

Which of the following would not be an example of social artifacts as units of analysis?

Our ability to determine whether a change in the cause is statistically associated with a change in the effect is referring to what type of validity?

Which of the following would serve as a "snapshot" of a phenomenon at one point in time?

Identify four threats to validity discussed in your text. Give an example of each.

In order to avoid mistaken inferences, researchers must be careful to specify the people or phenomena being studied, known as the __________ .

__________ , units, and time are key elements in planning a research study.

If a researcher restricts the kinds of concepts and variables to be considered as causes in criminal justice research, they are committing the error of __________.

Nonsystematic bias would be found in what type of validity problem?

Causally related can also be expressed as

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a cross-sectional study?

Which of the following is true with respect to validity threats?

Which of the following is correct?

__________ refers to generalizing from what we observe and measure to the real-world things in which we are interested

In research such as that done by the National Crime Victimization Survey, the __________ study technique is most frequently employed.

It is often said that social science is inherently probabilistic. What is meant by that?

Research that aims to measure the recidivism rates for youths participating in a new boot camp program after its first year in operation may use the __________ type of study.

Crime Criminal Justice and Scientific Inquiry

Foundations of Criminal Justice Research

Ethics and Criminal Justice Research

Concepts Operationalization and Measurement

Measuring Crime

Experimental and Quasi Experimental Designs

Sampling

Survey Research

Qualitative Interviewing

Field Observation

Agency Records Content Analysis and Secondary Data

Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis

Interpreting Data

Filters

Exam 4: General Issues in Research Design

One common threat to statistical conclusion validity is

__________ bridges idiographic and nomothetic approaches to explanation by seeking to understand how causal mechanisms operate in specific contexts.

Another word for an exploratory research study is a(n)

Which of the following would not be an example of social artifacts as units of analysis?

Our ability to determine whether a change in the cause is statistically associated with a change in the effect is referring to what type of validity?

Which of the following would serve as a "snapshot" of a phenomenon at one point in time?

Identify four threats to validity discussed in your text. Give an example of each.

In order to avoid mistaken inferences, researchers must be careful to specify the people or phenomena being studied, known as the __________ .

__________ , units, and time are key elements in planning a research study.

If a researcher restricts the kinds of concepts and variables to be considered as causes in criminal justice research, they are committing the error of __________.

Nonsystematic bias would be found in what type of validity problem?

Causally related can also be expressed as

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a cross-sectional study?

Which of the following is true with respect to validity threats?

Which of the following is correct?

__________ refers to generalizing from what we observe and measure to the real-world things in which we are interested

In research such as that done by the National Crime Victimization Survey, the __________ study technique is most frequently employed.

It is often said that social science is inherently probabilistic. What is meant by that?

Research that aims to measure the recidivism rates for youths participating in a new boot camp program after its first year in operation may use the __________ type of study.

Crime Criminal Justice and Scientific Inquiry

Foundations of Criminal Justice Research

Ethics and Criminal Justice Research

Concepts Operationalization and Measurement

Measuring Crime

Experimental and Quasi Experimental Designs

Sampling

Survey Research

Qualitative Interviewing

Field Observation

Agency Records Content Analysis and Secondary Data

Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis

Interpreting Data

Filters