Question 1

Define critical periods during pregnancy, and explain their importance in embryonic/fetal development.

Accepted Answer

Fetal growth and development proceed along genetically determined pathways in which cells are programmed to multiply, differentiate, and establish long-term functional levels during set time intervals. Such time intervals, known as critical periods, are most intense during the first 2 months after conception, when a majority of organs and tissues begin to form. On the whole, critical periods represent a "one-way street," because it is not possible to reverse directions and correct errors in growth or development that occurred during a previous critical period. Consequently, adverse effects of nutritional and other insults occurring during critical periods of growth and development persist throughout life.

Question 2

Edema in pregnancy, when not accompanied by hypertension, generally reflects a healthy expansion of plasma volume.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

Which mechanism of nutrient transport across the placenta involves the use of cell membrane receptors and energy derived from ATP?

Accepted Answer

A)  passive diffusion 
B)  facilitated diffusion 
C)  active transport 
D)  pinocytosis 
E)  endocytosis 
A)  passive diffusion 
B)  facilitated diffusion 
C)  active transport 
D)  pinocytosis 
E)  endocytosis C

Question 4

Identify the function of choline during pregnancy.

Accepted Answer

A)  It reduces inflammation, dilates blood vessels, and reduces blood clotting. 
B)  It is required by the mother and fetus for thyroid function and fetal brain development. 
C)  It can be converted to betaine that can serve as a source of methyl groups used to regulate gene function and neural-tube and brain development. 
D)  It supports fetal growth, the addition of calcium to bone, and tooth and enamel formation. 
E)  It is primarily required for fetal skeletal mineralization and maintenance of maternal bone health. 
A)  It reduces inflammation, dilates blood vessels, and reduces blood clotting. 
B)  It is required by the mother and fetus for thyroid function and fetal brain development. 
C)  It can be converted to betaine that can serve as a source of methyl groups used to regulate gene function and neural-tube and brain development. 
D)  It supports fetal growth, the addition of calcium to bone, and tooth and enamel formation. 
E)  It is primarily required for fetal skeletal mineralization and maintenance of maternal bone health.

Question 5

Give five reasons why nutrient requirements may change during pregnancy.

Accepted Answer

Nutrient requirements vary dur

Question 6

Low levels of plasma volume expansion are associated with reduced fetal growth.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Decreased conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat, lowered maternal utilization of glucose, and increased liver production of glucose help _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ensure the mother does not gain excessive weight during the second half of pregnancy 
B)  ensure a constant supply of fat for maternal energy needs 
C)  ensure a constant supply of glucose for fetal growth and development 
D)  ensure that women do not expend too much energy on metabolism and have plenty of energy to support fetal growth 
E)  promote healthy weight gain in pregnant women 
A)  ensure the mother does not gain excessive weight during the second half of pregnancy 
B)  ensure a constant supply of fat for maternal energy needs 
C)  ensure a constant supply of glucose for fetal growth and development 
D)  ensure that women do not expend too much energy on metabolism and have plenty of energy to support fetal growth 
E)  promote healthy weight gain in pregnant women

Question 8

Provide two historical examples that indicate the fetal growth trajectory may be established early in pregnancy.

Accepted Answer

During the Dutch winter famine of 1943-1

Question 9

The presence of nausea or vomiting during pregnancy _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  is likely related to decreased levels of progesterone during pregnancy 
B)  occurs in about 80 percent of pregnant women 
C)  is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage 
D)  occurs only in the morning for 90 percent of women 
E)  may be relieved by taking iron supplements 
A)  is likely related to decreased levels of progesterone during pregnancy 
B)  occurs in about 80 percent of pregnant women 
C)  is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage 
D)  occurs only in the morning for 90 percent of women 
E)  may be relieved by taking iron supplements

Question 10

The stages of development in chronological order are _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  embryo, fetus, and neonate 
B)  fetus, embryo, and neonate 
C)  neonate, fetus, and embryo 
D)  embryo, neonate, and fetus 
E)  fetus, neonate, and embryo 
A)  embryo, fetus, and neonate 
B)  fetus, embryo, and neonate 
C)  neonate, fetus, and embryo 
D)  embryo, neonate, and fetus 
E)  fetus, neonate, and embryo

Question 11

A high-quality pregnancy diet would least likely include _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  foods containing little or no salt 
B)  foods containing folic acid 
C)  nine cups of fluid every day 
D)  all essential nutrients at recommended levels 
E)  foods containing sufficient fiber 
A)  foods containing little or no salt 
B)  foods containing folic acid 
C)  nine cups of fluid every day 
D)  all essential nutrients at recommended levels 
E)  foods containing sufficient fiber

Question 12

A woman attempting to become pregnant is recommended to increase her folate levels. Explain the importance of folate during pregnancy, and suggest sources of folate that the woman may include in her diet to increase her intake levels.

Accepted Answer

Inadequate folate intake has been linked

Question 13

_____ is a multifaceted problem in the United States; it is affected by access to quality health care, socioeconomic status, and medical interventions.

Accepted Answer

A)  Preterm birth 
B)  Infant mortality 
C)  Teen pregnancy 
D)  Maternal mortality 
E)  Fetal death 
A)  Preterm birth 
B)  Infant mortality 
C)  Teen pregnancy 
D)  Maternal mortality 
E)  Fetal death

Question 14

With the possible exception of _____, nutrient needs during pregnancy should be met by the consumption of a well-balanced and adequate diet.

Accepted Answer

A)  zinc 
B)  magnesium 
C)  niacin 
D)  iron 
E)  potassium 
A)  zinc 
B)  magnesium 
C)  niacin 
D)  iron 
E)  potassium

Question 15

Bioactive food components are constituents in foods or dietary supplements that are essential nutrients.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true of preterm infants?

Accepted Answer

A)  It refers to those infants who die within a week after birth. 
B)  It refers to those infants who die after 1 year of birth. 
C)  It refers to those infants who die after 28 days of birth. 
D)  It refers to infants born before 37 weeks of pregnancy are completed. 
E)  It refers to infants born before 34 weeks of pregnancy are completed. 
A)  It refers to those infants who die within a week after birth. 
B)  It refers to those infants who die after 1 year of birth. 
C)  It refers to those infants who die after 28 days of birth. 
D)  It refers to infants born before 37 weeks of pregnancy are completed. 
E)  It refers to infants born before 34 weeks of pregnancy are completed.

Question 17

List any four of the 2020 health objectives for the nation related to pregnant women and infants.

Accepted Answer

The 2020 health objectives for the natio

Question 18

Match between columns
                        Premises: Listeria
Hyperemesis
Gravida
Hypothyroidism
Placenta
Toxoplasmosis
Developmental plasticity
Pica
Parity
Anencephaly

Accepted Answer

The Answer of An eating disorder characterized by the compulsion is...

Question 19

Which placental hormone increases maternal insulin resistance in order to provide a continuous supply of glucose that is required for fetal growth?

Accepted Answer

A)  human chorionic somatotropin 
B)  leptin 
C)  estrogen 
D)  human placental lactogen 
E)  human chorionic gonadotropin 
A)  human chorionic somatotropin 
B)  leptin 
C)  estrogen 
D)  human placental lactogen 
E)  human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 20

Which substance readily passes through the placenta to the fetus where it can act as a toxin and interrupt normal growth and development?

Accepted Answer

A)  protein 
B)  oxygen 
C)  vitamin A 
D)  alcohol 
E)  glucose 
A)  protein 
B)  oxygen 
C)  vitamin A 
D)  alcohol 
E)  glucose

Define critical periods during pregnancy, and explain their importance in embryonic/fetal development.

Edema in pregnancy, when not accompanied by hypertension, generally reflects a healthy expansion of plasma volume.

Which mechanism of nutrient transport across the placenta involves the use of cell membrane receptors and energy derived from ATP?

Identify the function of choline during pregnancy.

Give five reasons why nutrient requirements may change during pregnancy.

Low levels of plasma volume expansion are associated with reduced fetal growth.

Decreased conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat, lowered maternal utilization of glucose, and increased liver production of glucose help _____.

Provide two historical examples that indicate the fetal growth trajectory may be established early in pregnancy.

The presence of nausea or vomiting during pregnancy _____.

The stages of development in chronological order are _____.

A high-quality pregnancy diet would least likely include _____.

A woman attempting to become pregnant is recommended to increase her folate levels. Explain the importance of folate during pregnancy, and suggest sources of folate that the woman may include in her diet to increase her intake levels.

_____ is a multifaceted problem in the United States; it is affected by access to quality health care, socioeconomic status, and medical interventions.

With the possible exception of _____, nutrient needs during pregnancy should be met by the consumption of a well-balanced and adequate diet.

Bioactive food components are constituents in foods or dietary supplements that are essential nutrients.

Which of the following statements is true of preterm infants?

List any four of the 2020 health objectives for the nation related to pregnant women and infants.

Which placental hormone increases maternal insulin resistance in order to provide a continuous supply of glucose that is required for fetal growth?

Which substance readily passes through the placenta to the fetus where it can act as a toxin and interrupt normal growth and development?

Nutrition Basics

Preconception Nutrition

Preconception Nutrition: Conditions and Interventions

Nutrition During Pregnancy: Conditions and Interventions

Nutrition During Lactation

Nutrition During Lactation: Conditions and Interventions

Infant Nutrition

Infant Nutrition: Conditions and Interventions

Toddler and Preschooler Nutrition

Toddler and Preschooler Nutrition: Conditions and Interventions

Child and Preadolescent Nutrition

Child and Preadolescent Nutrition: Conditions and Interventions

Adolescent Nutrition

Adolescent Nutrition: Conditions and Interventions

Adult Nutrition

Adult Nutrition: Conditions and Interventions

Nutrition and Older Adults

Nutrition and Older Adults: Conditions and Interventions

Filters

Exam 4: Nutrition During Pregnancy

Define critical periods during pregnancy, and explain their importance in embryonic/fetal development.

Edema in pregnancy, when not accompanied by hypertension, generally reflects a healthy expansion of plasma volume.

Which mechanism of nutrient transport across the placenta involves the use of cell membrane receptors and energy derived from ATP?

Identify the function of choline during pregnancy.

Give five reasons why nutrient requirements may change during pregnancy.

Low levels of plasma volume expansion are associated with reduced fetal growth.

Decreased conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat, lowered maternal utilization of glucose, and increased liver production of glucose help _____.

Provide two historical examples that indicate the fetal growth trajectory may be established early in pregnancy.

The presence of nausea or vomiting during pregnancy _____.

The stages of development in chronological order are _____.

A high-quality pregnancy diet would least likely include _____.

A woman attempting to become pregnant is recommended to increase her folate levels. Explain the importance of folate during pregnancy, and suggest sources of folate that the woman may include in her diet to increase her intake levels.

_____ is a multifaceted problem in the United States; it is affected by access to quality health care, socioeconomic status, and medical interventions.

With the possible exception of _____, nutrient needs during pregnancy should be met by the consumption of a well-balanced and adequate diet.

Bioactive food components are constituents in foods or dietary supplements that are essential nutrients.

Which of the following statements is true of preterm infants?

List any four of the 2020 health objectives for the nation related to pregnant women and infants.

Which placental hormone increases maternal insulin resistance in order to provide a continuous supply of glucose that is required for fetal growth?

Which substance readily passes through the placenta to the fetus where it can act as a toxin and interrupt normal growth and development?

Nutrition Basics

Preconception Nutrition

Preconception Nutrition: Conditions and Interventions

Nutrition During Pregnancy: Conditions and Interventions

Nutrition During Lactation

Nutrition During Lactation: Conditions and Interventions

Infant Nutrition

Infant Nutrition: Conditions and Interventions

Toddler and Preschooler Nutrition

Toddler and Preschooler Nutrition: Conditions and Interventions

Child and Preadolescent Nutrition

Child and Preadolescent Nutrition: Conditions and Interventions

Adolescent Nutrition

Adolescent Nutrition: Conditions and Interventions

Adult Nutrition

Adult Nutrition: Conditions and Interventions

Nutrition and Older Adults

Nutrition and Older Adults: Conditions and Interventions

Filters