Exam 15: Europe Transformed: Reform and State Building

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Elizabeth Tudor is the birth name of Queen Elizabeth I, who was the Queen of England and Ireland from November 17, 1558, until her death on March 24, 1603. She was the daughter of King Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn, and was the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Her reign, known as the Elizabethan era, is famous for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, and for the seafaring prowess of English adventurers such as Sir Francis Drake. Elizabeth's time on the throne is also noted for the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, which secured England's position as a global naval power. Her reign was marked by relative internal stability, the establishment of Protestantism, and the encouragement of the arts and education. Elizabeth I is often referred to as the Virgin Queen, as she never married or had any children, leading to the end of the Tudor line with her death.

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The Spanish Armada refers to a large fleet of ships that was assembled by King Philip II of Spain in 1588 with the intention of invading England. This fleet consisted of about 130 ships and was considered the most powerful naval force in the world at the time. The purpose of the Armada was to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I and to stop the spread of Protestantism in England, with the ultimate goal of reinstating Catholicism.

The Spanish Armada is also known for the famous naval battle that took place in the English Channel. The English navy, led by Sir Francis Drake and other commanders, employed innovative tactics and had the advantage of smaller, more maneuverable ships. They were also aided by unfavorable weather conditions that worked against the Spanish fleet.

Despite its size and strength, the Spanish Armada suffered a disastrous defeat. Many of its ships were damaged or destroyed by the English navy or wrecked in storms as they attempted to return to Spain by sailing north around Scotland and Ireland. The defeat of the Armada marked a turning point in naval warfare and was a significant moment in the decline of Spanish dominance in Europe. It also helped to establish England as a major sea power and contributed to the rise of the British Empire.