Question 1

Describe the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Inductive reasoning involves making gene

Question 2

Describe two psychological phenomena that illustrate the influence of one's beliefs on human reasoning performance.

Accepted Answer

Two psychological phenomena that illustr

Question 3

Confirmation bias occurs when evidence that disconfirms our beliefs is actively avoided.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

If a hypothesis is tested, and a theory is drawn, is the hypothesis proven?

Accepted Answer

A) no; it is supported 
B) no; it is suggested but very unstable 
C) maybe; it depends on how much testing was done 
D) yes; theories are basically laws of nature that are proven 
A) no; it is supported 
B) no; it is suggested but very unstable 
C) maybe; it depends on how much testing was done 
D) yes; theories are basically laws of nature that are proven

Question 5

Suppose you are testing the truthfulness of this statement: "If a 5-year old boy plays with guns, then he will grow up to be a murderer." Which type of evidence logically disproves the statement?

Accepted Answer

A) a 5 year old girl who plays with guns and grows up to be a murderer 
B) a 5 year old boy who plays with dolls, not guns, and grows up to be a murderer 
C) a 5 year old boy who plays with guns, and does not grow up to be a murderer 
D) a 5 year old girl who plays with dolls, not guns, and does not grow up to be a murderer 
A) a 5 year old girl who plays with guns and grows up to be a murderer 
B) a 5 year old boy who plays with dolls, not guns, and grows up to be a murderer 
C) a 5 year old boy who plays with guns, and does not grow up to be a murderer 
D) a 5 year old girl who plays with dolls, not guns, and does not grow up to be a murderer

Question 6

_________ refers to when a person converts "All A are B" into "All B are A".

Accepted Answer

A) syllogistic reasoning 
B) inductive reasoning 
C) atmosphere hypothesis 
D) illicit conversion 
A) syllogistic reasoning 
B) inductive reasoning 
C) atmosphere hypothesis 
D) illicit conversion

Question 7

Which of the following is not a heuristic for problem solving or decision-making?

Accepted Answer

A) means end analysis 
B) availability 
C) simulation 
D) maintenance rehearsal 
A) means end analysis 
B) availability 
C) simulation 
D) maintenance rehearsal

Question 8

Theories, science, laws, and public policy are derived through

Accepted Answer

A) deductive reasoning 
B) hypothesis testing 
C) inductive reasoning 
D) models 
A) deductive reasoning 
B) hypothesis testing 
C) inductive reasoning 
D) models

Question 9

After the NCAA championship game in college basketball, Joe tells Jane that he just knew Florida would win, as indeed they did that year.Joe's assertion reflects the

Accepted Answer

A) hindsight bias 
B) law of small numbers 
C) gambler's fallacy 
D) law of ESP 
A) hindsight bias 
B) law of small numbers 
C) gambler's fallacy 
D) law of ESP

Question 10

Which is true of this syllogism?
All cats are dogs.
All dogs have whiskers.
Therefore, all cats have whiskers.

Accepted Answer

A) The conclusion is valid. 
B) The conclusion is invalid because the major premise is false. 
C) The conclusion is false because invalid reasoning was used to derive it.The minor premise is invalid. 
D) It is impossible to say whether the conclusion is valid or not. 
A) The conclusion is valid. 
B) The conclusion is invalid because the major premise is false. 
C) The conclusion is false because invalid reasoning was used to derive it.The minor premise is invalid. 
D) It is impossible to say whether the conclusion is valid or not.

Question 11

The belief bias occurs

Accepted Answer

A) when reasoners accept the conclusion as valid, even when the premises are not true in the real world 
B) when reasoners deny the conclusion when the premises are not true in the real world 
C) when reasoners accept conclusions after ignoring the premises 
D) when reasoners accept a valid conclusion after considering the premises 
A) when reasoners accept the conclusion as valid, even when the premises are not true in the real world 
B) when reasoners deny the conclusion when the premises are not true in the real world 
C) when reasoners accept conclusions after ignoring the premises 
D) when reasoners accept a valid conclusion after considering the premises

Question 12

_______ and _______ are the two valid forms of reasoning.

Accepted Answer

A) Denying the consequent; affirming the consequent 
B) Affirming the consequent; denying the antecedent 
C) Affirming the consequent; affirming the antecedent 
D) Affirming the antecedent; denying the consequent 
A) Denying the consequent; affirming the consequent 
B) Affirming the consequent; denying the antecedent 
C) Affirming the consequent; affirming the antecedent 
D) Affirming the antecedent; denying the consequent

Question 13

If you mistakenly conclude that if "all A are not B" then "some B are not C" because one or more premises contain a negative, it is called

Accepted Answer

A) atmosphere hypothesis 
B) illicit conversion 
C) ill-defined problems 
D) belief bias 
A) atmosphere hypothesis 
B) illicit conversion 
C) ill-defined problems 
D) belief bias

Question 14

People judge this sequence of coin tosses-- heads-heads-heads-heads-heads -- as less likely than this sequence -- heads-tails-heads-heads-tails-tails-heads -- because of _______.

Accepted Answer

A) the confidence heuristic 
B) the representativeness heuristic * 
C) the availability heuristic 
D) the expected-utility model 
A) the confidence heuristic 
B) the representativeness heuristic * 
C) the availability heuristic 
D) the expected-utility model

Question 15

In syllogistic reasoning, a valid conclusion is __________ true, given that the
Premises are true.

Accepted Answer

A) sometimes 
B) never 
C) necessarily 
D) conditionally 
A) sometimes 
B) never 
C) necessarily 
D) conditionally

Question 16

Which of the following contends that people make no attempt at analysis in syllogistic reasoning tasks?

Accepted Answer

A) premise conversion 
B) atmosphere hypothesis 
C) partial combination 
D) confirmation bias 
A) premise conversion 
B) atmosphere hypothesis 
C) partial combination 
D) confirmation bias

Question 17

If, every day for three weeks, it rained when the sun was out and on the 22ⁿᵈ day the sun came out, one might be led to believe it will rain that day also.This is due to the

Accepted Answer

A) decision under risk 
B) representative heuristic 
C) gambler's fallacy 
D) meteorologist report 
A) decision under risk 
B) representative heuristic 
C) gambler's fallacy 
D) meteorologist report

Question 18

What valid conclusion could you arrive at given these premises -
All plants are alive.
Some rocks are plants.
Therefore,

Accepted Answer

A) all rocks are alive 
B) some rocks are alive 
C) all plants are rocks 
D) all rocks can be plants 
A) all rocks are alive 
B) some rocks are alive 
C) all plants are rocks 
D) all rocks can be plants

Question 19

If concealed guns are legal, then the violent crime rate will go up.One valid way to disconfirm this conditional statement is to

Accepted Answer

A) show that when concealed guns are illegal, violent crime goes up 
B) show that when concealed guns are legal, violent crime goes down 
C) show that when violent crime goes down, concealed guns are illegal 
D) show that when violent crime goes up, concealed guns are illegal 
A) show that when concealed guns are illegal, violent crime goes up 
B) show that when concealed guns are legal, violent crime goes down 
C) show that when violent crime goes down, concealed guns are illegal 
D) show that when violent crime goes up, concealed guns are illegal

Question 20

College students judge that death by tornado is more frequent than death from asthma.In fact, asthma is 20 times more likely to kill.Which of the following judgment heuristics explains this result?

Accepted Answer

A) means-end 
B) probability 
C) representativeness 
D) availability 
A) means-end 
B) probability 
C) representativeness 
D) availability

Describe the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning.

Describe two psychological phenomena that illustrate the influence of one's beliefs on human reasoning performance.

Confirmation bias occurs when evidence that disconfirms our beliefs is actively avoided.

If a hypothesis is tested, and a theory is drawn, is the hypothesis proven?

Suppose you are testing the truthfulness of this statement: "If a 5-year old boy plays with guns, then he will grow up to be a murderer." Which type of evidence logically disproves the statement?

_________ refers to when a person converts "All A are B" into "All B are A".

Which of the following is not a heuristic for problem solving or decision-making?

Theories, science, laws, and public policy are derived through

After the NCAA championship game in college basketball, Joe tells Jane that he just knew Florida would win, as indeed they did that year.Joe's assertion reflects the

Which is true of this syllogism? All cats are dogs. All dogs have whiskers. Therefore, all cats have whiskers.

The belief bias occurs

_ and _ are the two valid forms of reasoning.

If you mistakenly conclude that if "all A are not B" then "some B are not C" because one or more premises contain a negative, it is called

People judge this sequence of coin tosses-- heads-heads-heads-heads-heads -- as less likely than this sequence -- heads-tails-heads-heads-tails-tails-heads -- because of _______.

In syllogistic reasoning, a valid conclusion is __________ true, given that the Premises are true.

Which of the following contends that people make no attempt at analysis in syllogistic reasoning tasks?

If, every day for three weeks, it rained when the sun was out and on the 22ⁿᵈ day the sun came out, one might be led to believe it will rain that day also.This is due to the

What valid conclusion could you arrive at given these premises - All plants are alive. Some rocks are plants. Therefore,

If concealed guns are legal, then the violent crime rate will go up.One valid way to disconfirm this conditional statement is to

College students judge that death by tornado is more frequent than death from asthma.In fact, asthma is 20 times more likely to kill.Which of the following judgment heuristics explains this result?

Introduction

Perception

Attention

Memory Systems

Remembering Events

Memory Distortions

Imagery and Knowledge Representation

Language

Problem Solving

Filters

Exam 10: Reasoning and Decision Making

Describe the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning.

Describe two psychological phenomena that illustrate the influence of one's beliefs on human reasoning performance.

Confirmation bias occurs when evidence that disconfirms our beliefs is actively avoided.

If a hypothesis is tested, and a theory is drawn, is the hypothesis proven?

Suppose you are testing the truthfulness of this statement: "If a 5-year old boy plays with guns, then he will grow up to be a murderer." Which type of evidence logically disproves the statement?

_________ refers to when a person converts "All A are B" into "All B are A".

Which of the following is not a heuristic for problem solving or decision-making?

Theories, science, laws, and public policy are derived through

After the NCAA championship game in college basketball, Joe tells Jane that he just knew Florida would win, as indeed they did that year.Joe's assertion reflects the

Which is true of this syllogism? All cats are dogs. All dogs have whiskers. Therefore, all cats have whiskers.

The belief bias occurs

_______ and _______ are the two valid forms of reasoning.

If you mistakenly conclude that if "all A are not B" then "some B are not C" because one or more premises contain a negative, it is called

People judge this sequence of coin tosses-- heads-heads-heads-heads-heads -- as less likely than this sequence -- heads-tails-heads-heads-tails-tails-heads -- because of _______.

In syllogistic reasoning, a valid conclusion is __________ true, given that the Premises are true.

Which of the following contends that people make no attempt at analysis in syllogistic reasoning tasks?

If, every day for three weeks, it rained when the sun was out and on the 22ⁿᵈ day the sun came out, one might be led to believe it will rain that day also.This is due to the

What valid conclusion could you arrive at given these premises - All plants are alive. Some rocks are plants. Therefore,

If concealed guns are legal, then the violent crime rate will go up.One valid way to disconfirm this conditional statement is to

College students judge that death by tornado is more frequent than death from asthma.In fact, asthma is 20 times more likely to kill.Which of the following judgment heuristics explains this result?

Introduction

Perception

Attention

Memory Systems

Remembering Events

Memory Distortions

Imagery and Knowledge Representation

Language

Problem Solving

Filters

_ and _ are the two valid forms of reasoning.