Exam 25: Disturbance: Central Circulation

Patients exhibiting symptoms and signs of heart failure should be treated with ____.

It is difficult to definitively define hypertensive encephalopathy in the prehospital setting as a ____ of the brain is required to exclude hemorrhage or stroke as a cause for the altered mental status or seizures.

With respect to a hypertensive episode from a ____ standpoint, the Paramedic should ask about headaches, double vision or vision loss, numbness, and weakness.

With respect to a hypertensive episode from a cardiopulmonary standpoint, the Paramedic should auscultate the lungs for ____.

In a hypertensive emergency, ____ patients may complain of generalized itching or also present with altered mental status.

____ is defined as an acute hypertensive episode without evidence of end-organ damage, even though the patient has risk factors to develop acute end-organ damage.

____ manifests itself as altered mental status, seizures, or visual disturbances from the hypertension.

Regardless of the patient's chief concern, the Paramedic needs to gather information that will help determine if the hypertensive episode is producing ____.

Nitrates cause ____________________, which may decrease the patient's blood pressure.

Patients with a history of ____________________ syndrome are at greater risk for an abdominal aortic aneurysm and may experience it at an earlier age.

In the field, it is easy to distinguish between an acute hypertensive episode and hypertensive urgency.

A patient may have hypertension for several years before he becomes symptomatic or the hypertension is discovered during a routine physical examination.

Intubated patients should be monitored during transport with ____________________ to ensure correct placement of the endotracheal tube and serve as another means of monitoring the patient's ventilation and perfusion.

The Paramedic should determine the patient's blood ____________________ level if the patient has an altered mental status.

If pre-eclampsia or eclampsia are present, the patient should be given an infusion of ____ grams of magnesium sulfate over 10 to 15 minutes to treat the effects of these conditions.

In the brain, the cerebral perfusion pressure is dependent on the ____.

With respect to a hypertensive episode, ____ may indicate heart failure or an angina equivalent in the patient with past cardiac disease.

A(n) ____________________ episode is where a patient presents with Stage II hypertension but without signs or symptoms of end-organ damage.

According to the Centers for Disease Control National Center for Health Statistics, approximately 45 million people visited a primary care office with hypertension.

Hypertension is divided into four different classes.