Question 1

A positive contingency between a response and an aversive stimulus is also known as

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) punishment. 
D) omission training. 
A) positive reinforcement. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) punishment. 
D) omission training.

Question 2

What factors contribute to the effectiveness of an instrumental reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What factors contribute to the effectiveness of...

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) receiving a time-out instead of a spanking 
B) turning off the radio when the DJ plays a song you dislike 
C) going out to dinner after winning an award 
D) faking illness to avoid school in the morning 
A) receiving a time-out instead of a spanking 
B) turning off the radio when the DJ plays a song you dislike 
C) going out to dinner after winning an award 
D) faking illness to avoid school in the morning

Question 4

According to behavioral systems theory, the periodicity of interim responses is best explained by

Accepted Answer

A) species-typical responses that reflect other sources of motivation when food is unlikely. 
B) early components of foraging behavior. 
C) adventitious reinforcement. 
D) pseudoconditioning. 
A) species-typical responses that reflect other sources of motivation when food is unlikely. 
B) early components of foraging behavior. 
C) adventitious reinforcement. 
D) pseudoconditioning.

Question 5

What is meant by belongingness in instrumental conditioning? How does belongingness contribute to animal "misbehavior" in learning situations?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is meant by belongingness in instrumental...

Question 6

What are the similarities and differences between positive and negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the similarities and differences between...

Question 7

The competition between natural responses and the responses required by the experimenter sometimes leads to the development of behaviors that interfere with an animal making an instrumental response. The development of these behaviors is called

Accepted Answer

A) stereotypy. 
B) differential variability. 
C) instinctive drift. 
D) behavioral systems. 
A) stereotypy. 
B) differential variability. 
C) instinctive drift. 
D) behavioral systems.

Question 8

A positive contingency between a response and an appetitive stimulus is also known as

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) punishment. 
D) omission training. 
A) positive reinforcement. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) punishment. 
D) omission training.

Question 9

According to Skinner, superstitious behavior is due to

Accepted Answer

A) an accidental negative response-reinforcer contingency. 
B) interim reinforcement. 
C) terminal reinforcement. 
D) adventitious reinforcement. 
A) an accidental negative response-reinforcer contingency. 
B) interim reinforcement. 
C) terminal reinforcement. 
D) adventitious reinforcement.

Question 10

The frog jumping contest is fast approaching. Your jumper has a maximum leap of 5 feet, far less than needed for a win. In order to train your frog to jump farther, you should begin by giving it a fly when it jumps _____.

Accepted Answer

A) any distance 
B) 4'11" 
C) 5'1" 
D) 5' 
A) any distance 
B) 4'11" 
C) 5'1" 
D) 5'

Question 11

In a study where pigeons were reinforced only if the pattern of pecks delivered to two keys was different from the previous 50 patterns, researchers determined that

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcement increases stereotypy. 
B) behavioral variability can be the basis for instrumental reinforcement. 
C) reinforcement decreases intrinsic motivation. 
D) reinforcement decreases originality. 
A) reinforcement increases stereotypy. 
B) behavioral variability can be the basis for instrumental reinforcement. 
C) reinforcement decreases intrinsic motivation. 
D) reinforcement decreases originality.

Question 12

Closer examination of Skinner's superstition experiment revealed that what appeared to be idiosyncratic behaviors was\were really

Accepted Answer

A) instinctive drift. 
B) terminal and interim responses. 
C) pseudoconditioning. 
D) positive and negative reinforcers. 
A) instinctive drift. 
B) terminal and interim responses. 
C) pseudoconditioning. 
D) positive and negative reinforcers.

Question 13

In a discrete trial procedure, the researcher can measure all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A) response rate. 
B) running speed. 
C) food preference. 
D) latency to leave the start box. 
A) response rate. 
B) running speed. 
C) food preference. 
D) latency to leave the start box.

Question 14

Thorndike determined that with extensive training, cats will open their mouths in order to gain release from a puzzle box, but will not give a bona fide yawn. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) proactive interference. 
B) belongingness. 
C) retroactive interference. 
D) stereotypy. 
A) proactive interference. 
B) belongingness. 
C) retroactive interference. 
D) stereotypy.

Question 15

Jeff always wears red socks on test days because he believes they allow him to earn good grades. Skinner would attribute this behavior to

Accepted Answer

A) a positive response-reinforcer contingency. 
B) adventitious reinforcement. 
C) interim reinforcement. 
D) terminal reinforcement. 
A) a positive response-reinforcer contingency. 
B) adventitious reinforcement. 
C) interim reinforcement. 
D) terminal reinforcement.

Question 16

Pigeons have a baseline gape response of 10-15 mm. In order to shape the gape response for a wider opening, the first reinforcers should be delivered when the pigeon opens its mouth _____.

Accepted Answer

A) every time 
B) 10 mm 
C) 15 mm 
D) 16 mm 
A) every time 
B) 10 mm 
C) 15 mm 
D) 16 mm

Question 17

Which of the following is not a conditioned reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A) giving gold stars to someone 
B) keeping someone warm 
C) telling someone "that's the way" 
D) giving a good grade to someone 
A) giving gold stars to someone 
B) keeping someone warm 
C) telling someone "that's the way" 
D) giving a good grade to someone

Question 18

What are the differences between negative reinforcement and punishment? Between escape and avoidance?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the differences between negative reinforcement...

Question 19

Subjects exposed to inescapable shock in the exposure phase of a learned helplessness experiment typically show slowed escape learning during a later conditioning phase. However, if during the conditioning phase their escape responses are marked by an external stimulus, they show little disruption of their escape learning. This suggests that

Accepted Answer

A) animals can perceive the contingency between their behavior and the delivery of a reinforcer. 
B) animals learn to be inactive in response to inescapable shock during the exposure phase. 
C) animals pay less attention to their actions due to inescapable shock. 
D) animals perseverate in their responses following inescapable shock. 
A) animals can perceive the contingency between their behavior and the delivery of a reinforcer. 
B) animals learn to be inactive in response to inescapable shock during the exposure phase. 
C) animals pay less attention to their actions due to inescapable shock. 
D) animals perseverate in their responses following inescapable shock.

Question 20

With some difficulty, a raccoon was trained to place a single coin in a piggy bank, but when the trainer attempted to train the raccoon to place two coins in the bank, the raccoon rubbed the coins together for minutes on end, and would not drop the coins. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) instinctive drift. 
B) stereotypy. 
C) sensitization. 
D) differential variability. 
A) instinctive drift. 
B) stereotypy. 
C) sensitization. 
D) differential variability.

A positive contingency between a response and an aversive stimulus is also known as

What factors contribute to the effectiveness of an instrumental reinforcer?

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

According to behavioral systems theory, the periodicity of interim responses is best explained by

What is meant by belongingness in instrumental conditioning? How does belongingness contribute to animal "misbehavior" in learning situations?

What are the similarities and differences between positive and negative reinforcement?

The competition between natural responses and the responses required by the experimenter sometimes leads to the development of behaviors that interfere with an animal making an instrumental response. The development of these behaviors is called

A positive contingency between a response and an appetitive stimulus is also known as

According to Skinner, superstitious behavior is due to

The frog jumping contest is fast approaching. Your jumper has a maximum leap of 5 feet, far less than needed for a win. In order to train your frog to jump farther, you should begin by giving it a fly when it jumps _____.

In a study where pigeons were reinforced only if the pattern of pecks delivered to two keys was different from the previous 50 patterns, researchers determined that

Closer examination of Skinner's superstition experiment revealed that what appeared to be idiosyncratic behaviors was\were really

In a discrete trial procedure, the researcher can measure all of the following except

Thorndike determined that with extensive training, cats will open their mouths in order to gain release from a puzzle box, but will not give a bona fide yawn. This is an example of

Jeff always wears red socks on test days because he believes they allow him to earn good grades. Skinner would attribute this behavior to

Pigeons have a baseline gape response of 10-15 mm. In order to shape the gape response for a wider opening, the first reinforcers should be delivered when the pigeon opens its mouth _____.

Which of the following is not a conditioned reinforcer?

What are the differences between negative reinforcement and punishment? Between escape and avoidance?

With some difficulty, a raccoon was trained to place a single coin in a piggy bank, but when the trainer attempted to train the raccoon to place two coins in the bank, the raccoon rubbed the coins together for minutes on end, and would not drop the coins. This is an example of

Introduction

Elicited Behavior Habituation and Sensitization

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Schedules of Reinforcement and Choice Behavior

Instrumental Conditioning

Stimulus Control of Behavior

Extinction of Conditioned Behavior

Averse Control

Comparative Cognition I

Comparative Cognition II

Filters

Exam 5: Instrumental Conditioning

A positive contingency between a response and an aversive stimulus is also known as

What factors contribute to the effectiveness of an instrumental reinforcer?

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

According to behavioral systems theory, the periodicity of interim responses is best explained by

What is meant by belongingness in instrumental conditioning? How does belongingness contribute to animal "misbehavior" in learning situations?

What are the similarities and differences between positive and negative reinforcement?

The competition between natural responses and the responses required by the experimenter sometimes leads to the development of behaviors that interfere with an animal making an instrumental response. The development of these behaviors is called

A positive contingency between a response and an appetitive stimulus is also known as

According to Skinner, superstitious behavior is due to

The frog jumping contest is fast approaching. Your jumper has a maximum leap of 5 feet, far less than needed for a win. In order to train your frog to jump farther, you should begin by giving it a fly when it jumps _____.

In a study where pigeons were reinforced only if the pattern of pecks delivered to two keys was different from the previous 50 patterns, researchers determined that

Closer examination of Skinner's superstition experiment revealed that what appeared to be idiosyncratic behaviors was\were really

In a discrete trial procedure, the researcher can measure all of the following except

Thorndike determined that with extensive training, cats will open their mouths in order to gain release from a puzzle box, but will not give a bona fide yawn. This is an example of

Jeff always wears red socks on test days because he believes they allow him to earn good grades. Skinner would attribute this behavior to

Pigeons have a baseline gape response of 10-15 mm. In order to shape the gape response for a wider opening, the first reinforcers should be delivered when the pigeon opens its mouth _____.

Which of the following is not a conditioned reinforcer?

What are the differences between negative reinforcement and punishment? Between escape and avoidance?

With some difficulty, a raccoon was trained to place a single coin in a piggy bank, but when the trainer attempted to train the raccoon to place two coins in the bank, the raccoon rubbed the coins together for minutes on end, and would not drop the coins. This is an example of

Introduction

Elicited Behavior Habituation and Sensitization

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Schedules of Reinforcement and Choice Behavior

Instrumental Conditioning

Stimulus Control of Behavior

Extinction of Conditioned Behavior

Averse Control

Comparative Cognition I

Comparative Cognition II

Filters