Chat with AIExam 11: The Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century
How did the Council of Constance resolve the Great Schism?
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Answered by Examlex AI CopilotThe Council of Constance, which took place from 1414 to 1418, resolved the Great Schism (also known as the Western Schism) by deposing or accepting the resignation of the three rival popes and electing a new pope, Martin V, thereby restoring unity to the Roman Catholic Church.
The Great Schism began in 1378 when the papacy returned to Rome from Avignon, but the election of Urban VI as pope led to discontent due to his temperament and reforms. Some cardinals declared his election invalid and elected Clement VII as an antipope, who then resided in Avignon. This split the allegiance of Europe's Catholic states.
By the time the Council of Constance was convened by Emperor Sigismund, there were three claimants to the papal throne: Pope Gregory XII in Rome, Antipope John XXIII in Pisa, and Antipope Benedict XIII in Avignon.
The council, which was attended by church leaders, theologians, and representatives of secular authorities, aimed to end the schism, reform the church, and address the heresies of John Wycliffe and Jan Hus.
To resolve the schism, the council first deposed or persuaded to resign the three rival popes:
1. John XXIII was deposed by the council.
2. Gregory XII formally resigned and authorized the council to elect his successor, legitimizing the council's actions.
3. Benedict XIII refused to step down but was eventually deposed by the council.
With all three papal claimants out of the way, the council elected Cardinal Oddone Colonna, who took the name Martin V, as the new pope on November 11, 1417. His election was widely accepted, effectively ending the schism and restoring a single papal authority to the Roman Catholic Church.
The Council of Constance is considered a significant event in church history because it not only ended the schism but also raised important questions about the authority and structure of the church, setting the stage for future reforms and the eventual Protestant Reformation.
What is the central message of Boccaccio's Decameron?
(32) Answered by Examlex AI CopilotThe central message of Boccaccio's Decameron is the resilience of the human spirit in the face of adversity. The book is a collection of 100 stories told by a group of young people who have fled to the countryside to escape the Black Death in Florence. Despite the devastating effects of the plague, the characters in the stories find ways to laugh, love, and live life to the fullest. The Decameron celebrates the power of storytelling and the human capacity for joy and creativity, even in the darkest of times.
What was the chief ambition of the Venetian city-state in the fourteenth century?
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Which of the following was most important to efforts to consolidate royal authority in the hands of kings: religion, marriage, or war? Use examples from several kingdoms to argue your case.
(31) How did the European aristocracy respond to the adversity of the great plague?
(27) How did papal politics and controversies influence the rise of purchasable indulgences? How did it influence the rise of mystical Christianity?
(32) What effect did exiling the papacy to Avignon have on that institution?
(43) All are correct about Petrarch EXCEPT which of the following?
(34) Florence was ruled throughout most of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries by whom?
(36) How did the economic collapse after the plague shape medieval ideas about gender?
(36) What crucial battle of the Hundred Years' War was won by Henry V in 1415 and led to the treaty and apparent victory in the war for Henry and England?
(36) The conflict between Pope Boniface VIII and Philip IV of France began when Philip did which of the following?
(37) What was the effect of the Black Death on Europe's population, and where was this effect most pronounced?
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