Question 1

Calculate the population etiologic fraction for smoking and lung cancer based on these data. Interpret your results. [29.5/48.6 × 100 = 60.7%]

Accepted Answer

The population etiologic fraction for smoking and lung cancer based on the given data is 60.7%. This means that 60.7% of the cases of lung cancer in the population can be attributed to smoking.

This result indicates that smoking is a major risk factor for lung cancer in the population. It suggests that efforts to reduce smoking prevalence and promote smoking cessation could have a significant impact on reducing the burden of lung cancer in the population. It also highlights the importance of public health interventions aimed at tobacco control and smoking prevention.

Question 2

The death rate per 100,000 for lung cancer is 7 among nonsmokers and 71 among smokers. The death rate per 100,000 for coronary thrombosis is 422 among nonsmokers and 599 among smokers. The prevalence of smoking in the population is 55%. Among smokers, the etiologic fraction of disease due to smoking is:

Accepted Answer

A)  0.90 for lung cancer and 0.88 for coronary thrombosis. 
B)  0.90 for lung cancer and 0.29 for coronary thrombosis. 
C)  0.89 for lung cancer and 0.88 for coronary thrombosis. 
D)  0.89 for lung cancer and 0.29 for coronary thrombosis. 
E)  It cannot be determined from the information provided. 
A)  0.90 for lung cancer and 0.88 for coronary thrombosis. 
B)  0.90 for lung cancer and 0.29 for coronary thrombosis. 
C)  0.89 for lung cancer and 0.88 for coronary thrombosis. 
D)  0.89 for lung cancer and 0.29 for coronary thrombosis. 
E)  It cannot be determined from the information provided. B

Question 3

Calculate the proper measure of association of smoking and lung cancer death. Interpret your results. [Relative risk (RR) = 3.2]

Accepted Answer

The proper measure of association of smoking and lung cancer death is the relative risk (RR), which is calculated to be 3.2. This means that individuals who smoke are 3.2 times more likely to die from lung cancer compared to non-smokers.

Interpreting these results, it can be concluded that there is a strong and significant association between smoking and the risk of dying from lung cancer. The relative risk of 3.2 indicates a substantial increase in the likelihood of lung cancer death among smokers, highlighting the detrimental impact of smoking on lung health. This finding underscores the importance of smoking cessation and public health interventions aimed at reducing tobacco use to prevent lung cancer deaths.

Question 4

Assuming that the following sample table is for a cohort study, define the risk difference or attributable risk:

Accepted Answer

A)  (A/A + 
C)  / (B/B + 
D)  
B)  (A/A + 
B)  / (C/C + 
D)  
C)  (A/A + 
C)  − (B/B + 
D)  
D)  (A/A + 
B)  − (C/C + 
D)  
E)  None of these is correct. 
A)  (A/A + 
C)  / (B/B + 
D)  
B)  (A/A + 
B)  / (C/C + 
D)  
C)  (A/A + 
C)  − (B/B + 
D)  
D)  (A/A + 
B)  − (C/C + 
D)  
E)  None of these is correct.

Question 5

The term attributable risk is also known as the rate difference or risk difference.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

If it is accepted that an observed association is a causal one, an estimate of the impact that a successful preventive program might have can be derived from:

Accepted Answer

A)  relative risk. 
B)  higher life expectancy. 
C)  attributable risk. 
D)  prevalence rates. 
E)  All are correct. 
A)  relative risk. 
B)  higher life expectancy. 
C)  attributable risk. 
D)  prevalence rates. 
E)  All are correct.

Question 7

A causal association between factor and outcome can refer to:

Accepted Answer

A)  statistical independence. 
B)  secondary association. 
C)  indirect association. 
D)  direct association. 
E)  indirect association and direct association. 
A)  statistical independence. 
B)  secondary association. 
C)  indirect association. 
D)  direct association. 
E)  indirect association and direct association.

Question 8

The population etiologic fraction is a measure of the proportion of the disease rate in a population attributable to the exposure of interest. This measure of effect is influenced by:

Accepted Answer

A)  the relative risk of the disease in exposed individuals versus unexposed individuals. 
B)  the prevalence of the disease in the population. 
C)  the prevalence of the exposure in the population. 
D)  the relative risk of the disease in exposed individuals versus unexposed individuals and the prevalence of the disease in the population. 
E)  the relative risk of the disease in exposed individuals versus unexposed individuals and the prevalence of the exposure in the population. 
A)  the relative risk of the disease in exposed individuals versus unexposed individuals. 
B)  the prevalence of the disease in the population. 
C)  the prevalence of the exposure in the population. 
D)  the relative risk of the disease in exposed individuals versus unexposed individuals and the prevalence of the disease in the population. 
E)  the relative risk of the disease in exposed individuals versus unexposed individuals and the prevalence of the exposure in the population.

Question 9

The death rate per 100,000 for lung cancer is 7 among nonsmokers and 71 among smokers. The death rate per 100,000 for coronary thrombosis is 422 among nonsmokers and 599 among smokers. The prevalence of smoking in the population is 55%. The population etiologic fraction of disease due to smoking is:

Accepted Answer

A)  0.80 for lung cancer and 0.28 for coronary thrombosis. 
B)  0.80 for lung cancer and 0.18 for coronary thrombosis. 
C)  0.83 for lung cancer and 0.28 for coronary thrombosis. 
D)  0.83 for lung cancer and 0.18 for coronary thrombosis. 
E)  It cannot be determined from the information provided. 
A)  0.80 for lung cancer and 0.28 for coronary thrombosis. 
B)  0.80 for lung cancer and 0.18 for coronary thrombosis. 
C)  0.83 for lung cancer and 0.28 for coronary thrombosis. 
D)  0.83 for lung cancer and 0.18 for coronary thrombosis. 
E)  It cannot be determined from the information provided.

Question 10

Calculate the population risk difference. Interpret your results. [IP = 48.6 per 100,000; Ine = 19.1 per 100,000; IP − Ine = 48.6 − 19.1 = 29.5/100,000 per year]

Accepted Answer

The population risk difference is 29.5 p

Question 11

The term attributable risk is defined as the ratio of the incidence of a disease among exposed individuals to the incidence among nonexposed individuals.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

The population etiologic fraction for a particular disease from Factor X alone is five times greater than that from Factor Y alone. If the relative risk associated with Factor X is 2, and with Factor Y is 20, which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The risk of developing the disease is greater in those exposed to Factor X only than in those exposed to Factor Y only. 
B)  Fewer persons are exposed to Factor Y than to Factor X. 
C)  The proportion of the disease in the population attributable to Factor Y is greater than that attributable to Factor X. 
D)  More persons are exposed to Factor Y than to Factor X. 
E)  The risk of developing the disease for persons exposed to Factor Y is five times greater than for persons exposed to Factor X. 
A)  The risk of developing the disease is greater in those exposed to Factor X only than in those exposed to Factor Y only. 
B)  Fewer persons are exposed to Factor Y than to Factor X. 
C)  The proportion of the disease in the population attributable to Factor Y is greater than that attributable to Factor X. 
D)  More persons are exposed to Factor Y than to Factor X. 
E)  The risk of developing the disease for persons exposed to Factor Y is five times greater than for persons exposed to Factor X.

Question 13

The death rate per 100,000 for lung cancer is 7 among nonsmokers and 71 among smokers. The death rate per 100,000 for coronary thrombosis is 422 among nonsmokers and 599 among smokers. The prevalence of smoking in the population is 55%. The relative risk of dying for a smoker compared to a nonsmoker is:

Accepted Answer

A)  9.1 for lung cancer and 0.30 for coronary thrombosis. 
B)  9.1 for lung cancer and 1.4 for coronary thrombosis. 
C)  10.1 for lung cancer and 8.4 for coronary thrombosis. 
D)  10.1 for lung cancer and 1.4 for coronary thrombosis. 
E)  12.4 for lung cancer and 1.7 for coronary thrombosis. 
A)  9.1 for lung cancer and 0.30 for coronary thrombosis. 
B)  9.1 for lung cancer and 1.4 for coronary thrombosis. 
C)  10.1 for lung cancer and 8.4 for coronary thrombosis. 
D)  10.1 for lung cancer and 1.4 for coronary thrombosis. 
E)  12.4 for lung cancer and 1.7 for coronary thrombosis.

Question 14

The death rate per 100,000 for lung cancer is 7 among nonsmokers and 71 among smokers. The death rate per 100,000 for coronary thrombosis is 422 among nonsmokers and 599 among smokers. The prevalence of smoking in the population is 55%. On the basis of the relative risk and etiologic fractions associated with smoking for lung cancer and coronary thrombosis, which of the following statements is most likely to be correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  Smoking seems much more likely to be causally related to coronary thrombosis than to lung cancer. 
B)  Smoking seems much more likely to be causally related to lung cancer than to coronary thrombosis. 
C)  Smoking seems to be equally causally related to lung cancer and coronary thrombosis. 
D)  Smoking does not seem to be causally related to either lung cancer or coronary thrombosis. 
E)  No comparative statement is possible between smoking and lung cancer or coronary thrombosis. 
A)  Smoking seems much more likely to be causally related to coronary thrombosis than to lung cancer. 
B)  Smoking seems much more likely to be causally related to lung cancer than to coronary thrombosis. 
C)  Smoking seems to be equally causally related to lung cancer and coronary thrombosis. 
D)  Smoking does not seem to be causally related to either lung cancer or coronary thrombosis. 
E)  No comparative statement is possible between smoking and lung cancer or coronary thrombosis.

Question 15

When assessing a positive relationship between alcohol consumption and oral cancer using a case-control study, increasing the sample size of the study will result in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  A lower p value and a smaller 95% confidence interval 
B)  A greater odds ratio and a higher disease prevalence 
C)  A lower p value, a smaller 95% confidence interval, and a greater odds ratio 
D)  A lower p value, a smaller 95% confidence interval, a higher disease prevalence, and a greater odds ratio 
E)  None of these is correct. 
A)  A lower p value and a smaller 95% confidence interval 
B)  A greater odds ratio and a higher disease prevalence 
C)  A lower p value, a smaller 95% confidence interval, and a greater odds ratio 
D)  A lower p value, a smaller 95% confidence interval, a higher disease prevalence, and a greater odds ratio 
E)  None of these is correct.

Calculate the population etiologic fraction for smoking and lung cancer based on these data. Interpret your results. [29.5/48.6 × 100 = 60.7%]

Calculate the proper measure of association of smoking and lung cancer death. Interpret your results. [Relative risk (RR) = 3.2]

Assuming that the following sample table is for a cohort study, define the risk difference or attributable risk:

The term attributable risk is also known as the rate difference or risk difference.

If it is accepted that an observed association is a causal one, an estimate of the impact that a successful preventive program might have can be derived from:

A causal association between factor and outcome can refer to:

The population etiologic fraction is a measure of the proportion of the disease rate in a population attributable to the exposure of interest. This measure of effect is influenced by:

The death rate per 100,000 for lung cancer is 7 among nonsmokers and 71 among smokers. The death rate per 100,000 for coronary thrombosis is 422 among nonsmokers and 599 among smokers. The prevalence of smoking in the population is 55%. The population etiologic fraction of disease due to smoking is:

Calculate the population risk difference. Interpret your results. [I_P = 48.6 per 100,000; I_ne = 19.1 per 100,000; I_P −I_ne = 48.6 − 19.1 = 29.5/100,000 per year]

The term attributable risk is defined as the ratio of the incidence of a disease among exposed individuals to the incidence among nonexposed individuals.

The population etiologic fraction for a particular disease from Factor X alone is five times greater than that from Factor Y alone. If the relative risk associated with Factor X is 2, and with Factor Y is 20, which of the following statements is true?

When assessing a positive relationship between alcohol consumption and oral cancer using a case-control study, increasing the sample size of the study will result in which of the following?

History and Scope of Epidemiology

Practical Applications of Epidemiology

Measures of Morbidity and Mortality Used in Epidemiology

Descriptive Epidemiology: Person, Place, Time

Sources of Data for Use in Epidemiology

Study Designs: Ecologic, Cross-Sectional, Case-Control

Study Designs: Cohort Studies

Experimental Study Designs

Data Interpretation Issues

Screening for Disease in the Community

Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases

Epidemiologic Aspects of Work and the Environment

Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology

Social, Behavioral, and Psychosocial Epidemiology

Epidemiology As a Profession

Epidemiology and Health Policy

Filters

Exam 9: Measures of Effect

Calculate the population etiologic fraction for smoking and lung cancer based on these data. Interpret your results. [29.5/48.6 × 100 = 60.7%]

Calculate the proper measure of association of smoking and lung cancer death. Interpret your results. [Relative risk (RR) = 3.2]

Assuming that the following sample table is for a cohort study, define the risk difference or attributable risk:

The term attributable risk is also known as the rate difference or risk difference.

If it is accepted that an observed association is a causal one, an estimate of the impact that a successful preventive program might have can be derived from:

A causal association between factor and outcome can refer to:

The population etiologic fraction is a measure of the proportion of the disease rate in a population attributable to the exposure of interest. This measure of effect is influenced by:

Calculate the population risk difference. Interpret your results. [IP = 48.6 per 100,000; Ine = 19.1 per 100,000; IP − Ine = 48.6 − 19.1 = 29.5/100,000 per year]

The term attributable risk is defined as the ratio of the incidence of a disease among exposed individuals to the incidence among nonexposed individuals.

The population etiologic fraction for a particular disease from Factor X alone is five times greater than that from Factor Y alone. If the relative risk associated with Factor X is 2, and with Factor Y is 20, which of the following statements is true?

When assessing a positive relationship between alcohol consumption and oral cancer using a case-control study, increasing the sample size of the study will result in which of the following?

History and Scope of Epidemiology

Practical Applications of Epidemiology

Measures of Morbidity and Mortality Used in Epidemiology

Descriptive Epidemiology: Person, Place, Time

Sources of Data for Use in Epidemiology

Study Designs: Ecologic, Cross-Sectional, Case-Control

Study Designs: Cohort Studies

Experimental Study Designs

Data Interpretation Issues

Screening for Disease in the Community

Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases

Epidemiologic Aspects of Work and the Environment

Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology

Social, Behavioral, and Psychosocial Epidemiology

Epidemiology As a Profession

Epidemiology and Health Policy

Filters

Calculate the population risk difference. Interpret your results. [I_P = 48.6 per 100,000; I_ne = 19.1 per 100,000; I_P −I_ne = 48.6 − 19.1 = 29.5/100,000 per year]