Chat with AIExam 3: Measures of Morbidity and Mortality Used in Epidemiology
Different measures of disease are useful to evaluate and assess public health programs and needs in different situations. For each of the following scenarios, (a) state which measure would best support your goal, and (b) explain why you chose that measure.
Measures of disease:
I = incidence rate
P = prevalence
L = lifetime prevalence
M = crude mortality rate (crude death rate)
R = simple sex ratio
A. To demonstrate the risks of car-train crashes at railroad crossings without warning signals
B. To demonstrate the amount of children's exposure to secondhand cigarette smoke
C. To estimate the number of persons who have had leukemia during their lifetimes
D. To estimate the number of healthcare facilities needed to support patients with Alzheimer's disease
E. To argue that mortality from HIV infection is a more serious public health problem in one region of the United States than another
F. To argue that heart disease should get more funding than HIV
G. To compare the number of boys and girls who experience near-death from drowning in a city
(39) 
Answered by Examlex AI Copilot(a) I = incidence rate
(b) The incidence rate would best support the goal of demonstrating the risks of car-train crashes at railroad crossings without warning signals because it measures the rate of new cases of car-train crashes at specific locations, which can help identify high-risk areas and the need for warning signals.
B: (a) P = prevalence
(b) The prevalence measure would best support the goal of demonstrating the amount of children's exposure to secondhand cigarette smoke because it provides a snapshot of the proportion of children who are currently exposed to secondhand smoke, which can help assess the extent of the problem and the need for interventions.
C: (a) L = lifetime prevalence
(b) Lifetime prevalence would best support the goal of estimating the number of persons who have had leukemia during their lifetimes because it provides a measure of the proportion of the population who have ever had the disease, which can help in understanding the burden of the disease over time.
D: (a) I = incidence rate
(b) The incidence rate would best support the goal of estimating the number of healthcare facilities needed to support patients with Alzheimer's disease because it measures the rate of new cases, which can help in projecting future healthcare needs.
E: (a) M = crude mortality rate
(b) The crude mortality rate from HIV infection would best support the goal of arguing that mortality from HIV infection is a more serious public health problem in one region of the United States than another because it provides a measure of the overall death rate from HIV, which can help in comparing the severity of the problem between regions.
F: (a) M = crude mortality rate
(b) The crude mortality rate would best support the goal of arguing that heart disease should get more funding than HIV because it provides a measure of the overall death rate from heart disease, which can help in demonstrating the impact and severity of the disease.
G: (a) R = simple sex ratio
(b) The simple sex ratio would best support the goal of comparing the number of boys and girls who experience near-death from drowning in a city because it provides a measure of the ratio of boys to girls in near-death drowning cases, which can help in understanding any gender disparities in near-drowning incidents.
How many people would be needed to accumulate 900 person-years of observation in each row?
Number of people Average time at risk per person
__________ 1 year
__________ 2 years
__________ 3 years
__________ 10 years
(44) Answered by Examlex AI CopilotTo accumulate 900 person-years of observation in each row, the number of people needed would be:
1 year: 900 people
2 years: 450 people
3 years: 300 people
10 years: 90 people
Certain diseases can occur more than once in the same individual during a stated period of time. Repeated cases of the disease have no effect upon incidence rates.
(40) 
VerifiedFalse
An epidemiologic survey of roller-skating injuries in Metroville, a city with a population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following data for a particular year:
Number of skaters in Metroville during any given month: 12,000
Roller-skating injuries in Metroville: 600
Total number of residents injured from roller-skating: 1800
Total number of deaths from roller-skating: 90
Total number of deaths from all causes: 900
The proportional mortality ratio (%) due to roller-skating was:
(36) The point prevalence of a disease is defined as the number of persons ill divided by the total number in the group at a point in time.
(43) The incidence rate of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of the disease over a time period divided by the total population (at risk) during the same time period times a multiplier (e.g. 100,000).
(35) When the duration of a disease becomes short and the incidence is high, the prevalence becomes similar to incidence.
(50) Which of the following terms is expressed as a ratio (as distinguished from a proportion)?
(39) Providing a direct estimate of the risk of developing a disease:
(41) The fundamental tool for etiologic studies of both acute and chronic diseases:
(37) The incidence of a disease is five times greater in men than in women, but the prevalence shows no sex difference. The most likely explanation is that:
(46) At the initial examination in the Framingham study, coronary heart disease was found in 5 per 1000 men ages 30-44, and in 5 per 1000 women ages 30-44. The inference that in this age group men and women have an equal risk of getting coronary heart disease is incorrect because the data are prevalence data and not incidence data.
(32) The proportional mortality ratio (%) is defined as the mortality due to a specific cause during a time period divided by the mortality due to all causes during the same time period times 100.
(41) An epidemiologic survey of roller-skating injuries in Metroville, a city with a population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following data for a particular year:
Number of skaters in Metroville during any given month: 12,000
Roller-skating injuries in Metroville: 600
Total number of residents injured from roller-skating: 1800
Total number of deaths from roller-skating: 90
Total number of deaths from all causes: 900
The crude death rate for all causes was:
(36) Successful treatment programs that would shorten the duration of a disease primarily affect:
(40) Determining workload and planning the scope of facilities and manpower needs, particularly for chronic disease:
(40) Researchers have been trying to gauge the impact of the "graying of America." They report that currently, 5% of the U.S. population is over age 75, and it is expected that in 10 years, 15% of the U.S. population will be over age 75.
A. Do you expect that this shift in age composition will result in shifts in mortality rates? Why or why not?
B. How will you evaluate time trends in mortality rates? Be specific and provide examples.
(31) The crude death rate is defined as the number of deaths in a given year divided by a reference population (during the midpoint of the year) times 100,000.
(44) 
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