Exam 16: Sleep Disorders

An increased level of what neurotransmitter is associated with sleep deprivation and its action is blocked by methylxanthines such as caffeine?

In general, the bedtime and wake time of older adults are earlier than those of younger adults and napping may increase.

Sleep efficiency falls approximately what percentage per decade, reflecting less time spent asleep while in bed attempting to sleep?

Simple visual inspection revealing a small or recessed mandible, dental malocclusion, a large tongue, or enlarged tonsils may suggest overcrowding of the oropharynx, which may contribute to what medical condition?

The normal aging process is not associated with a decreased need for sleep, but it is associated with decreased ability to sleep.

What medical condition, whether as a cause of awakening or in response to awakening for other reasons, is commonly associated with perceived poor sleep quality in older adults?

Hypoventilation and hypoxemia disorders often follow a slowly progressive course that can lead to what medical condition?

The proposed response to periods of extended wakefulness, in concert with circadian response to environmental light stimulation of the retina and suprachiasmatic nucleus, is referred to as which of the following?

The relative amounts of the different sleep stages composing sleep and timing of sleep cycles is referred to as which of the following?

During REM sleep, responsiveness to environmental stimuli decreases but muscle tone is retained.

What neurotransmitter promotes sleep and is the primary inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter?

Levels of what hormone are highest before sleep onset and are produced in response to sunlight exposure?

Subjective sleep quality can be assessed using which of the following instruments that is composed of 10 items that assess sleep disturbance and medication use as well as daytime dysfunction?

Diagnosis of narcolepsy is based on patient-reported symptoms and supported by hypocretin-l levels less than 110 ppg/mL in what bodily fluid?

Inadequate cognitive function to perform complex mental and decision-making tasks, as well as the development of delirium, are associated with sleep disturbance and may result in institutionalization.

What stage of the sleep architecture is commonly referred to as "dreaming" sleep?

Although not diagnostic, high scores on what sleep assessment instrument suggest the possible presence of obstructive sleep apnea or narcolepsy?

NREM sleep is characterized by dreaming with variable responsiveness to environmental stimuli, voluntary muscle paralysis, and variable autonomic activity.

Apnea refers to absence of airflow at the nose or mouth for what period of time or longer, and is classifiable by type?

Hypoventilation and hypoxemia disorders may occur in the presence of normal pulmonary mechanical properties and may be precipitated by CNS depressants.