Question 1

Explain why obese individuals are often insulin resistant.

Accepted Answer

Release of fatty acids by enlarged adipocytes and their subsequent nonspecific insertion in cell membranes cause the disruption of signal transduction pathways such as the insulin receptor pathway.

Question 2

The most serious acute symptom of Type 1 diabetes is __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  anemia 
B)  ketoacidosis 
C)  hypoglycemia 
D)  insulin resistance 
E)  Both A and C are correct. 
A)  anemia 
B)  ketoacidosis 
C)  hypoglycemia 
D)  insulin resistance 
E)  Both A and C are correct. B

Question 3

Because the prime early symptom of diabetes is a high level of blood glucose, insulin is often associated primarily with carbohydrate metabolism. List several other processes that are insulin-dependent.

Accepted Answer

In addition to carbohydrate metabolism, insulin also impacts lipid and protein metabolism by triggering several processes that are anabolic and/or ensure nutrient storage. These processes include stimulating fat synthesis in the liver and fat storage in adipocytes, promoting amino acid uptake by cells (especially liver and muscle cells), stimulating protein synthesis in most tissues, decreasing lipolysis, promoting satiety by inhibiting NPY/AgRP neurons and activating POMC neurons in the hypothalamus.

Question 4

During periods of starvation muscle reduces its consumption of glucose. This spares its use for which of the following organs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Liver 
B)  Heart 
C)  Kidneys 
D)  Brain 
E)  Lungs 
A)  Liver 
B)  Heart 
C)  Kidneys 
D)  Brain 
E)  Lungs

Question 5

Which of the following carbohydrates is a major contributing cause of dyslipidemia non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Glucose 
B)  Ribose 
C)  Fructose 
D)  Galactose 
E)  Xylose 
A)  Glucose 
B)  Ribose 
C)  Fructose 
D)  Galactose 
E)  Xylose

Question 6

The principle target tissues of insulin include __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  skeletal muscle 
B)  liver 
C)  adipose tissue 
D)  Both B and C are correct. 
E)  All of the above are correct. 
A)  skeletal muscle 
B)  liver 
C)  adipose tissue 
D)  Both B and C are correct. 
E)  All of the above are correct.

Question 7

In severely diabetic patients the blood glucose level is so high that the sugar appears in the urine. Before the development of blood tests by modern medical research, diabetics could often be recognized by the appearance of flies around their feet. Suggest a reason for this observation.

Accepted Answer

Flies are well known for their

Question 8

Discuss the relationship between the inflammatory response, obesity, and type-2 diabetes.

Accepted Answer

Obesity is a strong risk factor for type

Question 9

What are the sites on protein that are phosphorylated during signal transduction cascades?

Accepted Answer

The sites on proteins that are

Question 10

Extreme thirst and frequent urination in diabetics is directly caused by __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  osmotic diuresis 
B)  hyperglycemia 
C)  dyslipidemia 
D)  glucosuria 
E)  adipoisledimia 
A)  osmotic diuresis 
B)  hyperglycemia 
C)  dyslipidemia 
D)  glucosuria 
E)  adipoisledimia

Question 11

The molecules that mediate the growth-promoting actions of GH are referred to as the __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  interferons 
B)  mitogens 
C)  insulin-like growth factors 
D)  Both B and C are correct. 
E)  None of the above are correct. 
A)  interferons 
B)  mitogens 
C)  insulin-like growth factors 
D)  Both B and C are correct. 
E)  None of the above are correct.

Question 12

Insulin-resistance is associated with all of the following except __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  obesity 
B)  desensitization 
C)  down-regulation 
D)  IDDM 
E)  NIDDM 
A)  obesity 
B)  desensitization 
C)  down-regulation 
D)  IDDM 
E)  NIDDM

Question 13

Calmodulin is a __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  transmembrane receptor 
B)  calcium-binding protein 
C)  HSP 
D)  plant hormone 
E)  A, B, and C are correct. 
A)  transmembrane receptor 
B)  calcium-binding protein 
C)  HSP 
D)  plant hormone 
E)  A, B, and C are correct.

Question 14

The most prominent mechanism to prevent excessive hormone synthesis is __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  desensitization 
B)  down regulation 
C)  feedback inhibition 
D)  target cell stimulation 
E)  sensitization 
A)  desensitization 
B)  down regulation 
C)  feedback inhibition 
D)  target cell stimulation 
E)  sensitization

Question 15

A DNA segment that binds a hormone-receptor complex is called a __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  DRE 
B)  DAG 
C)  EGF 
D)  HRE 
E)  IGF 
A)  DRE 
B)  DAG 
C)  EGF 
D)  HRE 
E)  IGF

Question 16

The IP3 receptor __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  binds cGMP 
B)  is associated with Gi 
C)  is a calcium channel 
D)  Both B and C are correct. 
E)  All of the above are correct. 
A)  binds cGMP 
B)  is associated with Gi 
C)  is a calcium channel 
D)  Both B and C are correct. 
E)  All of the above are correct.

Question 17

A simple system for information flow is composed of three components: reception, transduction and response. In multicellular organisms hormones play a role in which phase?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reception 
B)  Transduction 
C)  Response 
D)  Hormones are not involved in the process of information flow. 
E)  Both A and B are correct. 
A)  Reception 
B)  Transduction 
C)  Response 
D)  Hormones are not involved in the process of information flow. 
E)  Both A and B are correct.

Question 18

The endocrine system uniquely produces __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  hormones 
B)  phermones 
C)  adipocytes 
D)  LDLs 
E)  urea 
A)  hormones 
B)  phermones 
C)  adipocytes 
D)  LDLs 
E)  urea

Question 19

The organ responsible for processing most foreign molecules is __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  intestine 
B)  stomach 
C)  liver 
D)  kidney 
E)  blood 
A)  intestine 
B)  stomach 
C)  liver 
D)  kidney 
E)  blood

Question 20

Type II diabetes is uniquely characterized by __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  hyperinsulinemia 
B)  depressed insulin levels 
C)  insulin resistance 
D)  depressed glucose levels 
E)  Both A and C are correct. 
A)  hyperinsulinemia 
B)  depressed insulin levels 
C)  insulin resistance 
D)  depressed glucose levels 
E)  Both A and C are correct.

Explain why obese individuals are often insulin resistant.

The most serious acute symptom of Type 1 diabetes is __________.

Because the prime early symptom of diabetes is a high level of blood glucose, insulin is often associated primarily with carbohydrate metabolism. List several other processes that are insulin-dependent.

During periods of starvation muscle reduces its consumption of glucose. This spares its use for which of the following organs?

Which of the following carbohydrates is a major contributing cause of dyslipidemia non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?

The principle target tissues of insulin include __________.

In severely diabetic patients the blood glucose level is so high that the sugar appears in the urine. Before the development of blood tests by modern medical research, diabetics could often be recognized by the appearance of flies around their feet. Suggest a reason for this observation.

Discuss the relationship between the inflammatory response, obesity, and type-2 diabetes.

What are the sites on protein that are phosphorylated during signal transduction cascades?

Extreme thirst and frequent urination in diabetics is directly caused by __________.

The molecules that mediate the growth-promoting actions of GH are referred to as the __________.

Insulin-resistance is associated with all of the following except __________.

Calmodulin is a __________.

The most prominent mechanism to prevent excessive hormone synthesis is __________.

A DNA segment that binds a hormone-receptor complex is called a __________.

The IP₃ receptor __________.

A simple system for information flow is composed of three components: reception, transduction and response. In multicellular organisms hormones play a role in which phase?

The endocrine system uniquely produces __________.

The organ responsible for processing most foreign molecules is __________.

Type II diabetes is uniquely characterized by __________.

Biochemistry: an Introduction

Living Cells

Water: The Matrix of Life

Energy

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

Enzymes

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle

Aerobic Metabolism II: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Lipids and Membranes

Lipid Metabolism

Photosynthesis

Nitrogen Metabolism I: Synthesis

Nitrogen Metabolism II: Degradation

Nucleic Acids

Genetic Information

Protein Synthesis

Filters

Exam 16: Integration of Metabolism

Explain why obese individuals are often insulin resistant.

The most serious acute symptom of Type 1 diabetes is __________.

Because the prime early symptom of diabetes is a high level of blood glucose, insulin is often associated primarily with carbohydrate metabolism. List several other processes that are insulin-dependent.

During periods of starvation muscle reduces its consumption of glucose. This spares its use for which of the following organs?

Which of the following carbohydrates is a major contributing cause of dyslipidemia non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?

The principle target tissues of insulin include __________.

In severely diabetic patients the blood glucose level is so high that the sugar appears in the urine. Before the development of blood tests by modern medical research, diabetics could often be recognized by the appearance of flies around their feet. Suggest a reason for this observation.

Discuss the relationship between the inflammatory response, obesity, and type-2 diabetes.

What are the sites on protein that are phosphorylated during signal transduction cascades?

Extreme thirst and frequent urination in diabetics is directly caused by __________.

The molecules that mediate the growth-promoting actions of GH are referred to as the __________.

Insulin-resistance is associated with all of the following except __________.

Calmodulin is a __________.

The most prominent mechanism to prevent excessive hormone synthesis is __________.

A DNA segment that binds a hormone-receptor complex is called a __________.

The IP3 receptor __________.

A simple system for information flow is composed of three components: reception, transduction and response. In multicellular organisms hormones play a role in which phase?

The endocrine system uniquely produces __________.

The organ responsible for processing most foreign molecules is __________.

Type II diabetes is uniquely characterized by __________.

Biochemistry: an Introduction

Living Cells

Water: The Matrix of Life

Energy

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

Enzymes

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle

Aerobic Metabolism II: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Lipids and Membranes

Lipid Metabolism

Photosynthesis

Nitrogen Metabolism I: Synthesis

Nitrogen Metabolism II: Degradation

Nucleic Acids

Genetic Information

Protein Synthesis

Filters

The IP₃ receptor __________.