Exam 1: What Is It to Be a Professional the Professions, Leadership, and Work

Gorovitz mentions a number of avenues that could be pursued by which more adequate and applicable moral education could be brought into medical education, finding one more promising than the others. Do you agree with his assessment in this case? Why or why not? If so, explain what this addition to the medical curriculum would impart to students. If not, what might be a better way to accomplish this task?

Michael D. Bayles | The Professions In this reading, Bayles discusses the characteristics of being a professional and the complex relationship between generally autonomous professionals and their supervisors. He distinguishes between consulting and scholarly professions, concluding with a discussion of how professions monopolize services in order to keep out untrained practitioners. -A ___________ is a permission to perform certain acts provided specified conditions are fulfilled.

Case 1.3: Michael C. Loui, "The Professional Engineer" -How would you apply the inverse pyramid model of a professional organization to the characteristics for engineers mentioned in this list, given that professionals have a tendency to "manage their own bosses"?

Case 1.1: "Professionalism and Nursing" -Diane and Arlene disagree about whether Diane's extra, unpaid work with the interdisciplinary team will result in better care for patients and a higher regard for the nursing profession. Briefly explain each of their arguments. Which do you think is stronger, and why?

Gorovitz's main thesis is that medical education ought to focus more on ethical issues in the course of teaching students the technical skills and knowledge necessary for becoming physicians. What reasons and examples does he provide in support of this view, and how would you evaluate the importance of this view?

Joanne B. Ciulla | What Is Good Leadership? Ciulla discusses the importance have having both an ethical and an effective leader and why it is often difficult to find both qualities in the same individual. When one is emphasized without the other, a leader may have moral character but not be able to effect genuine change or be able to produce end results by questionable means. -The moral margin of error is much smaller for leaders than for others because

Preston Stovall | Professional Virtue, Professional Self-Awareness, and Engineering Ethics Stovall introduces Aristotle's main arguments and definitions from the Nicomachean Ethics and discusses how professional virtue can best be seen as a subset of Aristotle's ethical virtues. He uses the example of professional engineering virtues to make his case, further emphasizing the role of professional self-awareness in developing a flourishing and successful professional career. -Teaching professional ethics, for Stovall, should occur both in the ___________ and ___________ environments.

Samuel Gorovitz | Good Doctors According to Gorovitz, medical schools ought to impart not just technical knowledge but also ethical values and practical experience. He offers a number of suggestions on how best to achieve this goal to ensure that future doctors are equipped not only with the best of current knowledge and skills but also with the moral sensitivity necessary to communicate well with patients in complex situations. -The author discusses a number of methods for incorporating ethical and moral issues into the medical curriculum. Which is the one he favors?

Michael D. Bayles | The Professions In this reading, Bayles discusses the characteristics of being a professional and the complex relationship between generally autonomous professionals and their supervisors. He distinguishes between consulting and scholarly professions, concluding with a discussion of how professions monopolize services in order to keep out untrained practitioners. -Professionals are trained to provide advice rather than ___________ to society.

Preston Stovall | Professional Virtue, Professional Self-Awareness, and Engineering Ethics Stovall introduces Aristotle's main arguments and definitions from the Nicomachean Ethics and discusses how professional virtue can best be seen as a subset of Aristotle's ethical virtues. He uses the example of professional engineering virtues to make his case, further emphasizing the role of professional self-awareness in developing a flourishing and successful professional career. -For Aristotle, ethical virtues, as opposed to intellectual virtues,

Henry Mintzberg | The Professional Organization Mintzberg first discusses the basic structure and uniqueness of professional organizations and how they differ from machine bureaucracies and innovative organizations. He then presents various forms and models of professional organizations. Finally, he shows how the characteristics of being both democratic and autonomous can lead to favorable as well as unfavorable conditions among professionals. -Considerable personal ___________ is required when most of the discretion is put into the hands of single professionals.

Henry Mintzberg | The Professional Organization Mintzberg first discusses the basic structure and uniqueness of professional organizations and how they differ from machine bureaucracies and innovative organizations. He then presents various forms and models of professional organizations. Finally, he shows how the characteristics of being both democratic and autonomous can lead to favorable as well as unfavorable conditions among professionals. -Training for professionals requires years of both formal ___________ as well as the application of expertise and skills in on-the-job training.

Michael D. Bayles | The Professions In this reading, Bayles discusses the characteristics of being a professional and the complex relationship between generally autonomous professionals and their supervisors. He distinguishes between consulting and scholarly professions, concluding with a discussion of how professions monopolize services in order to keep out untrained practitioners. -Which of the following is NOT a characteristic associated with being a professional?

Case 1.2: Nick Denton, "Less Heat, More Light" -The authors in this chapter have presented various approaches to understanding the relationship between professional ethics and one's colleagues, clients, supervisors, and oneself. Do you think a 120%-er would necessarily be more or less professionally ethical than an 80%-er? Why or why not?

Michael Davis | Professional Responsibility: Just Following the Rules? Davis criticizes the view that professional responsibility goes beyond merely following the rules of one's code of ethics by necessarily involving certain character virtues. Rather, if a code of ethics is well-written, following these rules means that a professional is acting responsibly. He discusses seven different interpretations of "just following the rules": blind obedience, strict obedience, malicious obedience, negligent obedience, accidental obedience, stupid obedience, concluding with a positive discussion of interpretative obedience. -Davis criticizes the view that

Samuel Gorovitz | Good Doctors According to Gorovitz, medical schools ought to impart not just technical knowledge but also ethical values and practical experience. He offers a number of suggestions on how best to achieve this goal to ensure that future doctors are equipped not only with the best of current knowledge and skills but also with the moral sensitivity necessary to communicate well with patients in complex situations. -A good physician needs to strike a balance between ___________ and ___________ to successfully interact with patients.

Michael D. Bayles | The Professions In this reading, Bayles discusses the characteristics of being a professional and the complex relationship between generally autonomous professionals and their supervisors. He distinguishes between consulting and scholarly professions, concluding with a discussion of how professions monopolize services in order to keep out untrained practitioners. -Why do professionals tend to have a monopoly over the provision of services?

Joanne B. Ciulla | What Is Good Leadership? Ciulla discusses the importance have having both an ethical and an effective leader and why it is often difficult to find both qualities in the same individual. When one is emphasized without the other, a leader may have moral character but not be able to effect genuine change or be able to produce end results by questionable means. -When leaders' actions do not match their values, they lose the ___________ they need to be effective with their stakeholders.

Henry Mintzberg | The Professional Organization Mintzberg first discusses the basic structure and uniqueness of professional organizations and how they differ from machine bureaucracies and innovative organizations. He then presents various forms and models of professional organizations. Finally, he shows how the characteristics of being both democratic and autonomous can lead to favorable as well as unfavorable conditions among professionals. -The fact that professional operators require little supervision suggests that the structure of a professional organization is that of a(n)

According to Mintzberg, professional organizations have two unique characteristics: (i) they are democratic, and (ii) they bestow extensive autonomy on individual professionals. How can these two characteristics lead to advantageous results on the one hand and to unfortunate consequences on the other?