Exam 1: The Philosophical and Ideological Underpinnings of Corrections

The Enlightenment concept of human nature saw individuals as ______.

Briefly explain the difference between the crime control model and the due process model.

The three major subsystems of the criminal justice system in the United States are police, courts, and ______.

Which scenario provides an example of specific deterrence?

A person is convicted of serial murder more than twenty years after the murders were committed. The offender states that he carried out the murders on the assumption that he would not be caught and would not be punished. He is sentenced to life in prison with no chance of parole. Which of the three components of effective punishment does this scenario demonstrate?

An advocate for incapacitation as the main justification for punishment would most likely agree with which statement?

The United States is closer to a pure crime control model than to a pure due process model.

The crime control model and the due process model are ______ models meant to exaggerate differences between correctional systems.

______ argues that the goal of corrections should be to equip criminals with the necessary skills to reenter society.

Which of the following contributed most to the increase in U.S. incarceration rates in recent decades?

The cohort studies by Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin (1972) that found that only 6.3% of the population studied committed over 70% of the murders, rapes, and robberies attributed to that group provide justification for ______.

Discuss Durkheim's views on the purpose of punishment in society and explain what he meant by retributive justice and restitutive justice. Which type of justice is the criminal justice system in the United States built on?

According to sociologist Émile Durkheim, the primary societal function of the rituals of punishment was to ______.

Which justification for punishment taps most directly into humankind's primitive desire for revenge?

The practice of brutal punishment and arbitrary legal codes began to wane during the 19th century.

Beccaria argued that a system of punishment should include punishment that is certain, swift, and ______.

Jeremy Bentham once wrote, "Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure." Explain how this relates to the hedonistic calculus.

A crime theorist who views human nature as evolutionarily driven by the need to survive and reproduce would most likely agree with which statement?

The goal of incapacitation is to prepare offenders to reenter society.

The major tension between the crime control model and the due process model lies in their emphasis on ______.