Question 1

______ variables are related to both the exposure variable and the outcome variable.

Accepted Answer

A)  Realistic 
B)  Spurious 
C)  Ecological 
D)  Confounding 
A)  Realistic 
B)  Spurious 
C)  Ecological 
D)  Confounding D

Question 2

Which research design is used when individuals are selected based on the outcome and are compared to those without the outcome?

Accepted Answer

A)  ecological 
B)  cross-sectional 
C)  cohort 
D)  case-control 
A)  ecological 
B)  cross-sectional 
C)  cohort 
D)  case-control D

Question 3

Observational research designs can be broken up into how many classifications?

Accepted Answer

A)  one 
B)  two 
C)  three 
D)  four 
A)  one 
B)  two 
C)  three 
D)  four B

Question 4

An observational cohort research design is appropriate when the outcome is not too ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  obvious 
B)  rare 
C)  definitive 
D)  complex 
A)  obvious 
B)  rare 
C)  definitive 
D)  complex

Question 5

Which term refers to the number of cases in a population in a specific time period that are expressed as the proportion of the total population at risk for the condition?

Accepted Answer

A)  exposure group 
B)  confounding variables 
C)  prevalence 
D)  variability 
A)  exposure group 
B)  confounding variables 
C)  prevalence 
D)  variability

Question 6

Why would a researcher use a retrospective research design?

Accepted Answer

A)  to make the research process quicker 
B)  to limit the amount of resources they need 
C)  when the problem has not yet been identified 
D)  when the problem has already occurred 
A)  to make the research process quicker 
B)  to limit the amount of resources they need 
C)  when the problem has not yet been identified 
D)  when the problem has already occurred

Question 7

When are case-control designs appropriate to use?

Accepted Answer

A)  when there is better funding for this format than others 
B)  when there is reliable evidence of past exposure 
C)  if participants prefer it 
D)  when research collection time is limited 
A)  when there is better funding for this format than others 
B)  when there is reliable evidence of past exposure 
C)  if participants prefer it 
D)  when research collection time is limited

Question 8

Which research design is used when both individuals who have and who have not been exposed are followed over time?

Accepted Answer

A)  ecological 
B)  cross-sectional 
C)  cohort 
D)  case-control 
A)  ecological 
B)  cross-sectional 
C)  cohort 
D)  case-control

Question 9

What is used to measure the association in a cohort research design study?

Accepted Answer

A)  relative detriment 
B)  relative risk 
C)  restrictive risk 
D)  restrictive detriment 
A)  relative detriment 
B)  relative risk 
C)  restrictive risk 
D)  restrictive detriment

Question 10

A group of researchers focus on exposure to dust from September 11 as a risk factor. They then follow participants for 5 years. What type of study is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  prospective 
B)  deductive 
C)  qualitative 
D)  retrospective 
A)  prospective 
B)  deductive 
C)  qualitative 
D)  retrospective

Question 11

An ______ rate is the number of new cases arising in a given period in a specified population.

Accepted Answer

A)  incidence 
B)  intentional 
C)  observational 
D)  opinion 
A)  incidence 
B)  intentional 
C)  observational 
D)  opinion

Question 12

In case-control research design, researchers must ensure that the controls are ______ when compared to the previous cases in all respects other than what they were exposed to.

Accepted Answer

A)  opposite 
B)  similar 
C)  obvious 
D)  unexpected 
A)  opposite 
B)  similar 
C)  obvious 
D)  unexpected

Question 13

Observational research examines the effects of exposure to a variable of interest that is under the control of the researcher.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

A(n) ______ relationship is one in which the relationship between the exposure variable and outcome variable is due to a third variable.

Accepted Answer

A)  realistic 
B)  spurious 
C)  ecological 
D)  confounding 
A)  realistic 
B)  spurious 
C)  ecological 
D)  confounding

Question 15

The observational researcher should always randomly assign the participants to the exposure.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

When a researcher is studying individuals with a past history of exposure to a disease, toxin, or event, which design should they use?

Accepted Answer

A)  ecological 
B)  cross-sectional 
C)  cohort 
D)  case-control 
A)  ecological 
B)  cross-sectional 
C)  cohort 
D)  case-control

Question 17

A case-control research design is usually ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  longitudinal 
B)  prospective 
C)  retrospective 
D)  spurious 
A)  longitudinal 
B)  prospective 
C)  retrospective 
D)  spurious

Question 18

Which research design is used when a researcher simultaneously determines exposure and the outcome for everyone in the study?

Accepted Answer

A)  ecological 
B)  cross-sectional 
C)  cohort 
D)  case-control 
A)  ecological 
B)  cross-sectional 
C)  cohort 
D)  case-control

Question 19

The exposure variable in observational research could serve as the independent variable in a study examining a direct relationship.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Ecological research design studies only be undertaken when individual-level data are ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  consistent 
B)  unavailable 
C)  known 
D)  biased 
A)  consistent 
B)  unavailable 
C)  known 
D)  biased

______ variables are related to both the exposure variable and the outcome variable.

Which research design is used when individuals are selected based on the outcome and are compared to those without the outcome?

Observational research designs can be broken up into how many classifications?

An observational cohort research design is appropriate when the outcome is not too ______.

Which term refers to the number of cases in a population in a specific time period that are expressed as the proportion of the total population at risk for the condition?

Why would a researcher use a retrospective research design?

When are case-control designs appropriate to use?

Which research design is used when both individuals who have and who have not been exposed are followed over time?

What is used to measure the association in a cohort research design study?

A group of researchers focus on exposure to dust from September 11 as a risk factor. They then follow participants for 5 years. What type of study is this?

An ______ rate is the number of new cases arising in a given period in a specified population.

In case-control research design, researchers must ensure that the controls are ______ when compared to the previous cases in all respects other than what they were exposed to.

Observational research examines the effects of exposure to a variable of interest that is under the control of the researcher.

A(n) ______ relationship is one in which the relationship between the exposure variable and outcome variable is due to a third variable.

The observational researcher should always randomly assign the participants to the exposure.

When a researcher is studying individuals with a past history of exposure to a disease, toxin, or event, which design should they use?

A case-control research design is usually ______.

Which research design is used when a researcher simultaneously determines exposure and the outcome for everyone in the study?

The exposure variable in observational research could serve as the independent variable in a study examining a direct relationship.

Ecological research design studies only be undertaken when individual-level data are ______.

Evidence-Based Practice

Research Ethics

The Research Process

Problem Formulation

Measurement

Experimental Design

Quasi-Experimental Design

Qualitative Research

Mixed-Methods Research

Sampling

Survey Research

Quantitative Data Analysis

Qualitative Data Analysis

Single-Case Design Evaluation

Program Evaluation

Filters

Exam 10: Observational Research

______ variables are related to both the exposure variable and the outcome variable.

Which research design is used when individuals are selected based on the outcome and are compared to those without the outcome?

Observational research designs can be broken up into how many classifications?

An observational cohort research design is appropriate when the outcome is not too ______.

Which term refers to the number of cases in a population in a specific time period that are expressed as the proportion of the total population at risk for the condition?

Why would a researcher use a retrospective research design?

When are case-control designs appropriate to use?

Which research design is used when both individuals who have and who have not been exposed are followed over time?

What is used to measure the association in a cohort research design study?

A group of researchers focus on exposure to dust from September 11 as a risk factor. They then follow participants for 5 years. What type of study is this?

An ______ rate is the number of new cases arising in a given period in a specified population.

In case-control research design, researchers must ensure that the controls are ______ when compared to the previous cases in all respects other than what they were exposed to.

Observational research examines the effects of exposure to a variable of interest that is under the control of the researcher.

A(n) ______ relationship is one in which the relationship between the exposure variable and outcome variable is due to a third variable.

The observational researcher should always randomly assign the participants to the exposure.

When a researcher is studying individuals with a past history of exposure to a disease, toxin, or event, which design should they use?

A case-control research design is usually ______.

Which research design is used when a researcher simultaneously determines exposure and the outcome for everyone in the study?

The exposure variable in observational research could serve as the independent variable in a study examining a direct relationship.

Ecological research design studies only be undertaken when individual-level data are ______.

Evidence-Based Practice

Research Ethics

The Research Process

Problem Formulation

Measurement

Experimental Design

Quasi-Experimental Design

Qualitative Research

Mixed-Methods Research

Sampling

Survey Research

Quantitative Data Analysis

Qualitative Data Analysis

Single-Case Design Evaluation

Program Evaluation

Filters