Question 1

In deep-sea sediments below gyres centers,

Accepted Answer

A)  Organic matter supply is not particularly less than in the deep sea nearer to the continental slope 
B)  Organic matter is completely absent 
C)  Sediments are black because of the input of organic matter 
D)  Sediments have the lowest organic matter in the deep sea 
A)  Organic matter supply is not particularly less than in the deep sea nearer to the continental slope 
B)  Organic matter is completely absent 
C)  Sediments are black because of the input of organic matter 
D)  Sediments have the lowest organic matter in the deep sea D

Question 2

Trophic group amensalism

Accepted Answer

A)  Is a negative effect caused by predators eating prey 
B)  Is a negative effect caused by suspension feeders depleting the water column of food for deposit feeders 
C)  Is a negative effect caused by deposit feeders making the environment unsuitable for suspension feeders 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Is a negative effect caused by predators eating prey 
B)  Is a negative effect caused by suspension feeders depleting the water column of food for deposit feeders 
C)  Is a negative effect caused by deposit feeders making the environment unsuitable for suspension feeders 
D)  None of the above C

Question 3

Bivalves and vestimentiferans living near vents

Accepted Answer

A)  Have very rapid growth rates 
B)  Have growth rates similar to typical abyssal benthos 
C)  Grow only in response to falls of phytoplankton detritus 
D)  Have very slow growth rates 
A)  Have very rapid growth rates 
B)  Have growth rates similar to typical abyssal benthos 
C)  Grow only in response to falls of phytoplankton detritus 
D)  Have very slow growth rates A

Question 4

Deep water coral mounds

Accepted Answer

A)  Consist of one dominant coral species with very few associated animal species 
B)  Are very diverse and support a large diverse biota of invertebrates 
C)  Are known to exist intact for millions of years at a time in any one place 
D)  Are never found at depths shallower than 200 m 
A)  Consist of one dominant coral species with very few associated animal species 
B)  Are very diverse and support a large diverse biota of invertebrates 
C)  Are known to exist intact for millions of years at a time in any one place 
D)  Are never found at depths shallower than 200 m

Question 5

Deep-water corals

Accepted Answer

A)  Are made of calcite and therefore not subject to dangers of increased carbon dioxide 
B)  Have an organic skeleton 
C)  Are generally made of aragonite and are therefore endangered from increasing dissolved carbon dioxide 
D)  Are known to have experienced before industrialization carbon dioxide concentrations that are greater than the present day 
A)  Are made of calcite and therefore not subject to dangers of increased carbon dioxide 
B)  Have an organic skeleton 
C)  Are generally made of aragonite and are therefore endangered from increasing dissolved carbon dioxide 
D)  Are known to have experienced before industrialization carbon dioxide concentrations that are greater than the present day

Question 6

Following a disturbance, the later stages of succession in a subtidal soft bottom involve

Accepted Answer

A)  Deeper-burrowing species 
B)  Shallower-burrowing species 
C)  Epifaunal species 
D)  Species adapted to anoxia 
A)  Deeper-burrowing species 
B)  Shallower-burrowing species 
C)  Epifaunal species 
D)  Species adapted to anoxia

Question 7

Temperature in the deep-sea abyssal plain

Accepted Answer

A)  Is the coldest on earth 
B)  Is seasonally and spatially very stable 
C)  Has about the same annual range as coastal midlatitude shelf waters 
D)  Is stable at about 15 degrees C 
A)  Is the coldest on earth 
B)  Is seasonally and spatially very stable 
C)  Has about the same annual range as coastal midlatitude shelf waters 
D)  Is stable at about 15 degrees C

Question 8

Muddy sediments dominated by deposit feeders

Accepted Answer

A)  Tend to be anoxic right at the surface 
B)  Have low water content 
C)  Have very high water content far below the sediment-water interface 
D)  Have very high water content near the sediment-water interface 
A)  Tend to be anoxic right at the surface 
B)  Have low water content 
C)  Have very high water content far below the sediment-water interface 
D)  Have very high water content near the sediment-water interface

Question 9

Suspension feeders do badly in mud because of

Accepted Answer

A)  High turbidity near the sediment-water interface 
B)  Anoxic pore water in the sediment 
C)  Predation 
D)  A very low food supply 
A)  High turbidity near the sediment-water interface 
B)  Anoxic pore water in the sediment 
C)  Predation 
D)  A very low food supply

Question 10

The number of benthic species

Accepted Answer

A)  Increases continuously from the continental shelf coral reefs to the abyssal plain 
B)  Increases continuously from the continental shelf soft sediments to those of the abyssal plain 
C)  Decreases from continental shelf muddy sediments to the continental slope, then increases again 
D)  Increases from shelf muds to the depths of the continental rise, then decreases toward the abyssal plain 
A)  Increases continuously from the continental shelf coral reefs to the abyssal plain 
B)  Increases continuously from the continental shelf soft sediments to those of the abyssal plain 
C)  Decreases from continental shelf muddy sediments to the continental slope, then increases again 
D)  Increases from shelf muds to the depths of the continental rise, then decreases toward the abyssal plain

Question 11

Particulate organic matter

Accepted Answer

A)  Is deposited on the deep-sea floor in a very irregular way, causing patchiness in food supply 
B)  Reaches the deep-sea floor but is always too refractory to be of importance to the benthos 
C)  Never reaches the deep-sea floor 
D)  Arrives on the deep-sea floor continuously through the year as a drizzle of food supply for the deep-sea benthos 
A)  Is deposited on the deep-sea floor in a very irregular way, causing patchiness in food supply 
B)  Reaches the deep-sea floor but is always too refractory to be of importance to the benthos 
C)  Never reaches the deep-sea floor 
D)  Arrives on the deep-sea floor continuously through the year as a drizzle of food supply for the deep-sea benthos

Question 12

Cold seeps

Accepted Answer

A)  Are found in the same areas as hot vents 
B)  Have a very different fauna than hot vents 
C)  Have important types of species in common with hot vents 
D)  Are always rich in sulfide 
A)  Are found in the same areas as hot vents 
B)  Have a very different fauna than hot vents 
C)  Have important types of species in common with hot vents 
D)  Are always rich in sulfide

Question 13

In polar regions a unique supply of organic matter important to the economy of the benthos is

Accepted Answer

A)  Fecal material from birds and mammals 
B)  Phytodetritus from extraordinarily large-celled diatoms in the water column 
C)  Sedimentary detritus derived from ice algae 
D)  Sea grass detritus 
A)  Fecal material from birds and mammals 
B)  Phytodetritus from extraordinarily large-celled diatoms in the water column 
C)  Sedimentary detritus derived from ice algae 
D)  Sea grass detritus

Question 14

Vestimentiferans can live without a gut because

Accepted Answer

A)  They live near sources of dissolved organic matter 
B)  They are parasites living within the guts of bivalves 
C)  They have symbiotic bacteria, which are the source of their nutrition 
D)  They are protistans 
A)  They live near sources of dissolved organic matter 
B)  They are parasites living within the guts of bivalves 
C)  They have symbiotic bacteria, which are the source of their nutrition 
D)  They are protistans

Question 15

Which of the following statements about hot-vent systems is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  The same species in hot vents have been found throughout the world ocean 
B)  Even along a ridge, there is very strong genetic differentiation within a species 
C)  Species are genetically similar even along a great length of the same ridge system 
D)  Extinctions of deep-sea vent species are observed constantly 
A)  The same species in hot vents have been found throughout the world ocean 
B)  Even along a ridge, there is very strong genetic differentiation within a species 
C)  Species are genetically similar even along a great length of the same ridge system 
D)  Extinctions of deep-sea vent species are observed constantly

Question 16

Until the 1950s deep-sea sampling was hampered by

Accepted Answer

A)  The lack of a sampling device that could dig into the mud 
B)  The lack of a closing device, resulting in washout of bottom organisms 
C)  The lack of ships capable of deploying deep-sea samplers 
D)  All of the above 
A)  The lack of a sampling device that could dig into the mud 
B)  The lack of a closing device, resulting in washout of bottom organisms 
C)  The lack of ships capable of deploying deep-sea samplers 
D)  All of the above

Question 17

Patchiness on the seabed is caused by

Accepted Answer

A)  Disturbance caused by grazing benthic fishes 
B)  Burrowing structures generated by large burrowing animals 
C)  Patchy settlement of larvae of benthic invertebrates 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Disturbance caused by grazing benthic fishes 
B)  Burrowing structures generated by large burrowing animals 
C)  Patchy settlement of larvae of benthic invertebrates 
D)  All of the above

Question 18

Seamounts

Accepted Answer

A)  Are never found near continental margins 
B)  Are important sites for open water fisheries 
C)  Have been protected by international treaties because of their high diversity 
D)  Are extremely remote coral reefs that reach the surface 
A)  Are never found near continental margins 
B)  Are important sites for open water fisheries 
C)  Have been protected by international treaties because of their high diversity 
D)  Are extremely remote coral reefs that reach the surface

Question 19

The high biomass adjacent to hot vents depends upon the release of

Accepted Answer

A)  Sulfur from the vents 
B)  Nitrogen from the vents 
C)  Phosphorus from the vents 
D)  Bacteria from the vents 
A)  Sulfur from the vents 
B)  Nitrogen from the vents 
C)  Phosphorus from the vents 
D)  Bacteria from the vents

Question 20

Bacteria living in the deep sea

Accepted Answer

A)  Are slow growing in all habitats 
B)  Are slow growing in abyssal soft sediments but grow rapidly near vents and seeps 
C)  Are not important in the food of macroinvertebrates anywhere in the deep sea 
D)  Are very similar to bacteria living in shallow water 
A)  Are slow growing in all habitats 
B)  Are slow growing in abyssal soft sediments but grow rapidly near vents and seeps 
C)  Are not important in the food of macroinvertebrates anywhere in the deep sea 
D)  Are very similar to bacteria living in shallow water

Exam 18: Benthos From the Continental Shelf to the Deep Sea

In deep-sea sediments below gyres centers,

Trophic group amensalism

Bivalves and vestimentiferans living near vents

Deep water coral mounds

Deep-water corals

Following a disturbance, the later stages of succession in a subtidal soft bottom involve

Temperature in the deep-sea abyssal plain

Muddy sediments dominated by deposit feeders

Suspension feeders do badly in mud because of

The number of benthic species

Particulate organic matter

Cold seeps

In polar regions a unique supply of organic matter important to the economy of the benthos is

Vestimentiferans can live without a gut because

Which of the following statements about hot-vent systems is correct?

Until the 1950s deep-sea sampling was hampered by

Patchiness on the seabed is caused by

Seamounts

The high biomass adjacent to hot vents depends upon the release of

Bacteria living in the deep sea

Sounding the Deep

The Oceanic Environment

Climate Oscillations and Climate Change

Ecological and Evolutionary Principles of Marine Biology

The Chemical and Physical Environment

Life in a Fluid Medium

Reproduction, Dispersal, and Migration

Plankton

Marine Vertebrates and Other Nekton

The Open Sea: Distributions and Adaptations

Processes in the Water Column

Productivity, Food Webs, and Global Climate Change

Benthic Microorganisms, Seaweeds, and Sea Grasses

The Diversity of Benthic Marine Invertebrates

Benthic Life Habits

The Tidelands: Rocky Shores, Soft-Substratum Shores, Marshes, Mangroves, Estuaries, and Oyster Reefs

The Shallow Coastal Subtidal: Sea Grass Beds, Rocky Reefs, Kelp Forests, and Coral Reefs

Polar Marine Biology

Biodiversity and Conservation of the Ocean

Fisheries and Food From the Sea

Environmental Impacts of Industrial Activities and Human Populations

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