Question 1

Diet breadth of a consumer will increase when

Accepted Answer

A)  Food abundance decreases 
B)  The food that is lowest in quality decreases 
C)  Food abundance increases 
D)  A predator of the consumer declines in abundance 
A)  Food abundance decreases 
B)  The food that is lowest in quality decreases 
C)  Food abundance increases 
D)  A predator of the consumer declines in abundance A

Question 2

Parasites

Accepted Answer

A)  Usually have reduced gonads and very low reproductive rates 
B)  Are usually fatal to their hosts 
C)  Usually have well developed reproductive organs 
D)  Have only one host, to which they are very faithful 
A)  Usually have reduced gonads and very low reproductive rates 
B)  Are usually fatal to their hosts 
C)  Usually have well developed reproductive organs 
D)  Have only one host, to which they are very faithful C

Question 3

If a forager spends time feeding in one of several patches, and can move from patch to patch,

Accepted Answer

A)  It should stay in the patch until all the resource is exhausted and then travel to the nearest patch 
B)  It should know the number of patches and stay in the patch less time if there are more patches 
C)  It should stay longer in a patch if the travel time to another patch is increased 
D)  It should stay less time in a patch if the food in the next patch is going to be a long trip 
A)  It should stay in the patch until all the resource is exhausted and then travel to the nearest patch 
B)  It should know the number of patches and stay in the patch less time if there are more patches 
C)  It should stay longer in a patch if the travel time to another patch is increased 
D)  It should stay less time in a patch if the food in the next patch is going to be a long trip C

Question 4

Sibling species are always

Accepted Answer

A)  Found on either side of a barrier, such as Panama 
B)  Easy to identify 
C)  Quite similar, but rarely closely related 
D)  Quite similar, and very closely related 
A)  Found on either side of a barrier, such as Panama 
B)  Easy to identify 
C)  Quite similar, but rarely closely related 
D)  Quite similar, and very closely related

Question 5

A strong competing species

Accepted Answer

A)  Tends to increase standing diversity of competitors 
B)  Always reduces the effectiveness of predators 
C)  Might attract a common predator 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Tends to increase standing diversity of competitors 
B)  Always reduces the effectiveness of predators 
C)  Might attract a common predator 
D)  None of the above

Question 6

Parasitic species are vulnerable to population fluctuations because

Accepted Answer

A)  They usually only reproduce in winter 
B)  They depend on several host species 
C)  Their host species tend to be rare 
D)  They always suffer owing to global warming 
A)  They usually only reproduce in winter 
B)  They depend on several host species 
C)  Their host species tend to be rare 
D)  They always suffer owing to global warming

Question 7

Prey having toxic chemical are often brightly colored because

Accepted Answer

A)  The toxic compound is usually brightly colored 
B)  Most prey species with toxic substances are tropical and the color is coincidental 
C)  The color is a warning given by the victim to never eat the next prey individual when it sees one 
D)  Predators have attacked a brightly colored poisonous individual and associate color with poison 
A)  The toxic compound is usually brightly colored 
B)  Most prey species with toxic substances are tropical and the color is coincidental 
C)  The color is a warning given by the victim to never eat the next prey individual when it sees one 
D)  Predators have attacked a brightly colored poisonous individual and associate color with poison

Question 8

The reduction of seaweeds when predators of urchins decline and urchins increase is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  Facilitation 
B)  A direct effect 
C)  A density-mediated indirect interaction 
D)  A trait-mediated direct interaction 
A)  Facilitation 
B)  A direct effect 
C)  A density-mediated indirect interaction 
D)  A trait-mediated direct interaction

Question 9

Province borders are often determined by

Accepted Answer

A)  Coastal geographic barriers 
B)  Breaks in temperature 
C)  Oceanic barriers to shallow water species 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Coastal geographic barriers 
B)  Breaks in temperature 
C)  Oceanic barriers to shallow water species 
D)  All of the above

Question 10

A trophic cascade exists when

Accepted Answer

A)  There are strong effects in members of different levels of a food chain, when one level is changed substantially. 
B)  One level responds strongly when a member of another trophic level disappears 
C)  Top-down effects are strong 
D)  All of the above 
A)  There are strong effects in members of different levels of a food chain, when one level is changed substantially. 
B)  One level responds strongly when a member of another trophic level disappears 
C)  Top-down effects are strong 
D)  All of the above

Question 11

The best way to demonstrate the effects of interspecific competition is

Accepted Answer

A)  Watch competing species and wait for one to displace another 
B)  Perform an experiment: Add large numbers of predators 
C)  Perform an experiment: Remove one of the hypothetical competing species 
D)  Look for negative correlations in abundance between one species and another from place to place 
A)  Watch competing species and wait for one to displace another 
B)  Perform an experiment: Add large numbers of predators 
C)  Perform an experiment: Remove one of the hypothetical competing species 
D)  Look for negative correlations in abundance between one species and another from place to place

Question 12

In order to estimate primary productivity in an ecosystem by sampling

Accepted Answer

A)  One needs to know biomass only 
B)  One needs to know biomass and the time scale only 
C)  One needs to know the amount produced and time only 
D)  None of the above 
A)  One needs to know biomass only 
B)  One needs to know biomass and the time scale only 
C)  One needs to know the amount produced and time only 
D)  None of the above

Question 13

What is a problem with an obligatory mutualistic interaction between two species?

Accepted Answer

A)  If one species becomes extinct, then so must the other 
B)  If one species evolves, then the other might have to evolve to adjust to the first species 
C)  If one is vulnerable to a predator, then so might the other be 
D)  All of the above 
A)  If one species becomes extinct, then so must the other 
B)  If one species evolves, then the other might have to evolve to adjust to the first species 
C)  If one is vulnerable to a predator, then so might the other be 
D)  All of the above

Question 14

Batesian mimics

Accepted Answer

A)  Produce a poison after a predator attempts to eat them 
B)  Look like a model species that is poisonous, but are not poisonous themselves 
C)  Are members of a group of poisonous species that resemble each other. 
D)  Look like a model that is itself a perfect match to the background color of the environment in which it lives 
A)  Produce a poison after a predator attempts to eat them 
B)  Look like a model species that is poisonous, but are not poisonous themselves 
C)  Are members of a group of poisonous species that resemble each other. 
D)  Look like a model that is itself a perfect match to the background color of the environment in which it lives

Question 15

Coexistence of species in a community may occur when

Accepted Answer

A)  Predators are present 
B)  Species are exploiting different resources 
C)  Mortality is random and several species are colonizing randomly into a community 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Predators are present 
B)  Species are exploiting different resources 
C)  Mortality is random and several species are colonizing randomly into a community 
D)  All of the above

Question 16

A marine predator

Accepted Answer

A)  Is likely to decrease the number of species in a community 
B)  Might under some circumstances maintain high diversity in a community 
C)  Will inevitably drive to extinction the rarest prey species 
D)  Always will be rarer than all prey species 
A)  Is likely to decrease the number of species in a community 
B)  Might under some circumstances maintain high diversity in a community 
C)  Will inevitably drive to extinction the rarest prey species 
D)  Always will be rarer than all prey species

Question 17

Alternate genes at a locus that have different phenotypic effects are known as

Accepted Answer

A)  Dominants 
B)  Phenotypes 
C)  Alleles 
D)  Chromosomes 
A)  Dominants 
B)  Phenotypes 
C)  Alleles 
D)  Chromosomes

Question 18

Species occurring relatively late in succession are

Accepted Answer

A)  Relatively poor colonizers 
B)  Have low resistance to predators because predators are gone by this stage of succession 
C)  Always present a fixed time after a disturbance occurs 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Relatively poor colonizers 
B)  Have low resistance to predators because predators are gone by this stage of succession 
C)  Always present a fixed time after a disturbance occurs 
D)  All of the above

Question 19

In a food web, plants are also known as

Accepted Answer

A)  Saprophytes 
B)  Tertiary producers 
C)  Primary producers 
D)  Ecosystems 
A)  Saprophytes 
B)  Tertiary producers 
C)  Primary producers 
D)  Ecosystems

Question 20

Two individuals with the same phenotype

Accepted Answer

A)  Must be of the same genotype 
B)  Must have the same alleles at some genetic locus 
C)  Must be living in the same environment 
D)  May be different genotypes 
A)  Must be of the same genotype 
B)  Must have the same alleles at some genetic locus 
C)  Must be living in the same environment 
D)  May be different genotypes

Exam 4: Ecological and Evolutionary Principles of Marine Biology

Diet breadth of a consumer will increase when

Parasites

If a forager spends time feeding in one of several patches, and can move from patch to patch,

Sibling species are always

A strong competing species

Parasitic species are vulnerable to population fluctuations because

Prey having toxic chemical are often brightly colored because

The reduction of seaweeds when predators of urchins decline and urchins increase is known as

Province borders are often determined by

A trophic cascade exists when

The best way to demonstrate the effects of interspecific competition is

In order to estimate primary productivity in an ecosystem by sampling

What is a problem with an obligatory mutualistic interaction between two species?

Batesian mimics

Coexistence of species in a community may occur when

A marine predator

Alternate genes at a locus that have different phenotypic effects are known as

Species occurring relatively late in succession are

In a food web, plants are also known as

Two individuals with the same phenotype

Sounding the Deep

The Oceanic Environment

Climate Oscillations and Climate Change

The Chemical and Physical Environment

Life in a Fluid Medium

Reproduction, Dispersal, and Migration

Plankton

Marine Vertebrates and Other Nekton

The Open Sea: Distributions and Adaptations

Processes in the Water Column

Productivity, Food Webs, and Global Climate Change

Benthic Microorganisms, Seaweeds, and Sea Grasses

The Diversity of Benthic Marine Invertebrates

Benthic Life Habits

The Tidelands: Rocky Shores, Soft-Substratum Shores, Marshes, Mangroves, Estuaries, and Oyster Reefs

The Shallow Coastal Subtidal: Sea Grass Beds, Rocky Reefs, Kelp Forests, and Coral Reefs

Benthos From the Continental Shelf to the Deep Sea

Polar Marine Biology

Biodiversity and Conservation of the Ocean

Fisheries and Food From the Sea

Environmental Impacts of Industrial Activities and Human Populations

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