Question 1

The case that provides an enduring and authoritative source of appeal for moral thinking about similar cases is called the _________ case.

Accepted Answer

paradigm

Question 2

What is the form of reasoning used in "bottom-up" ethical thinking?

Accepted Answer

A)  Deductive 
B)  Inductive 
C)  Both A and B 
D)  Neither A nor B 
A)  Deductive 
B)  Inductive 
C)  Both A and B 
D)  Neither A nor B B

Question 3

Which of the following do Beauchamp and Childress argue about moral change?

Accepted Answer

A)  Particular moralities, customary practices, and so-called consensus moralities may change through a complete reversal of position on some issues. 
B)  Particular moralities may change, but considered judgments will never change. 
C)  The norms of the common morality do not change because these basic moral rules are essential and timeless. 
D)  Historically, basic norms of morality have often undergone change. 
A)  Particular moralities, customary practices, and so-called consensus moralities may change through a complete reversal of position on some issues. 
B)  Particular moralities may change, but considered judgments will never change. 
C)  The norms of the common morality do not change because these basic moral rules are essential and timeless. 
D)  Historically, basic norms of morality have often undergone change. A

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a reason that Beauchamp and Childress argue for drawing initial moral norms from the common morality when beginning ethical reasoning in medical ethics?

Accepted Answer

A)  A code of ethics may be coherent without being morally acceptable, and drawing norms from the common morality addresses this problem. 
B)  Some moral judgments need to be accepted as justified without dependence on other judgments in order to reason about ethical issues. 
C)  The testing of norms, beliefs, and practices through the search for reflective equilibrium can help modify immoral social practices. 
D)  Cultures worldwide have been able to achieve the most proper set of moral beliefs possible because of their long traditions of ethical thinking. 
A)  A code of ethics may be coherent without being morally acceptable, and drawing norms from the common morality addresses this problem. 
B)  Some moral judgments need to be accepted as justified without dependence on other judgments in order to reason about ethical issues. 
C)  The testing of norms, beliefs, and practices through the search for reflective equilibrium can help modify immoral social practices. 
D)  Cultures worldwide have been able to achieve the most proper set of moral beliefs possible because of their long traditions of ethical thinking.

Question 5

In ethical discourse, the objective of __________ is to establish one's case by presenting sufficient reasons for it.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In ethical discourse, the objective of __________...

Question 6

As the common morality is made more specific, specified moral norms can be altered over time in a process Beauchamp and Childress call moral ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of As the common morality is made more...

Question 7

The form of reflective equilibrium Beauchamp and Childress use in their ethical reasoning is known as coherentism.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Casuistry is similar to case law in its reliance on precedent to make moral decisions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Proponents of casuistry point out that ethicists often agree on what is morally right to do in a given case, even if they don't agree on the reason or reasons why.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

__________ justification of common-morality theory would need to involve rigorous study of the moral beliefs of different cultures to show whether those cultures accept, ignore, abandon, or reject the standards of the common morality.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ justification of common-morality theory would need...

Question 11

Common-morality theories and customary moralities are two expressions of the same thing.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Casuists focus on description and comparison of particular cases, but they think moral judgments must still be made based on an appeal to principles.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

What are the three types of justification of claims about a universal common morality, as described by Beauchamp and Childress?

Accepted Answer

A)  Empirical, moral, and legal 
B)  Empirical, normative theoretical, and conceptual 
C)  Moral, theoretical, and legal 
D)  Communal, moral, and normative theoretical 
A)  Empirical, moral, and legal 
B)  Empirical, normative theoretical, and conceptual 
C)  Moral, theoretical, and legal 
D)  Communal, moral, and normative theoretical

Question 14

We can have the most confidence in principles and considered judgments if we can justify them on the basis of a comprehensive ethical theory.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

A moral belief that is used initially and without argumentative support needs to be tested for _______, or its consistency with other beliefs, norms, and experiences and the facts of given cases, before it can serve as an anchor of moral reflection.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A moral belief that is used initially...

Question 16

The norms with which those who seek reflective equilibrium in their ethical thinking come, according to Beauchamp and Childress, from the _________ morality.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The norms with which those who seek...

Question 17

According to Beauchamp and Childress, casuists do not recognize the moral principles involved in ethical reasoning about cases, but they at least do describe the ethical issues involved in a given case properly.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Criteria for a good theory of authoritative beliefs in Beauchamp and Childress's model include __________, covering the appropriate territory in the moral domain.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Criteria for a good theory of authoritative...

Question 19

What is one problem with reliance on casuistry as a system of moral judgment, according to Beauchamp and Childress?

Accepted Answer

A)  Paradigm cases can evolve in the wrong moral direction if they are initially improperly handled, leading to wrong moral judgments about analogous cases in the future. 
B)  Casuistic thinkers do not consider any general rules, principles, or maxims when discussing cases that require ethical judgment. 
C)  Reasoning by analogy is not an ethically appropriate way of thinking about cases. 
D)  Casuistic thinkers do not describe ethical cases properly. 
A)  Paradigm cases can evolve in the wrong moral direction if they are initially improperly handled, leading to wrong moral judgments about analogous cases in the future. 
B)  Casuistic thinkers do not consider any general rules, principles, or maxims when discussing cases that require ethical judgment. 
C)  Reasoning by analogy is not an ethically appropriate way of thinking about cases. 
D)  Casuistic thinkers do not describe ethical cases properly.

Question 20

Norms in particular moralities can differ because the abstract starting points in the common morality can be developed in different ways to create practical guidelines with varying degrees of coherence.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

The case that provides an enduring and authoritative source of appeal for moral thinking about similar cases is called the _________ case.

What is the form of reasoning used in "bottom-up" ethical thinking?

Which of the following do Beauchamp and Childress argue about moral change?

Which of the following is NOT a reason that Beauchamp and Childress argue for drawing initial moral norms from the common morality when beginning ethical reasoning in medical ethics?

In ethical discourse, the objective of __________ is to establish one's case by presenting sufficient reasons for it.

As the common morality is made more specific, specified moral norms can be altered over time in a process Beauchamp and Childress call moral ________.

The form of reflective equilibrium Beauchamp and Childress use in their ethical reasoning is known as coherentism.

Casuistry is similar to case law in its reliance on precedent to make moral decisions.

Proponents of casuistry point out that ethicists often agree on what is morally right to do in a given case, even if they don't agree on the reason or reasons why.

__________ justification of common-morality theory would need to involve rigorous study of the moral beliefs of different cultures to show whether those cultures accept, ignore, abandon, or reject the standards of the common morality.

Common-morality theories and customary moralities are two expressions of the same thing.

Casuists focus on description and comparison of particular cases, but they think moral judgments must still be made based on an appeal to principles.

What are the three types of justification of claims about a universal common morality, as described by Beauchamp and Childress?

We can have the most confidence in principles and considered judgments if we can justify them on the basis of a comprehensive ethical theory.

A moral belief that is used initially and without argumentative support needs to be tested for _______, or its consistency with other beliefs, norms, and experiences and the facts of given cases, before it can serve as an anchor of moral reflection.

The norms with which those who seek reflective equilibrium in their ethical thinking come, according to Beauchamp and Childress, from the _________ morality.

According to Beauchamp and Childress, casuists do not recognize the moral principles involved in ethical reasoning about cases, but they at least do describe the ethical issues involved in a given case properly.

Criteria for a good theory of authoritative beliefs in Beauchamp and Childress's model include __________, covering the appropriate territory in the moral domain.

What is one problem with reliance on casuistry as a system of moral judgment, according to Beauchamp and Childress?

Norms in particular moralities can differ because the abstract starting points in the common morality can be developed in different ways to create practical guidelines with varying degrees of coherence.

Moral Norms

Moral Character

Moral Status

Respect for Autonomy

Nonmaleficence

Beneficence

Justice

Professional-Patient Relationships

Moral Theories

Filters

Exam 10: Method and Moral Justification

The case that provides an enduring and authoritative source of appeal for moral thinking about similar cases is called the _________ case.

What is the form of reasoning used in "bottom-up" ethical thinking?

Which of the following do Beauchamp and Childress argue about moral change?

Which of the following is NOT a reason that Beauchamp and Childress argue for drawing initial moral norms from the common morality when beginning ethical reasoning in medical ethics?

In ethical discourse, the objective of __________ is to establish one's case by presenting sufficient reasons for it.

As the common morality is made more specific, specified moral norms can be altered over time in a process Beauchamp and Childress call moral ________.

The form of reflective equilibrium Beauchamp and Childress use in their ethical reasoning is known as coherentism.

Casuistry is similar to case law in its reliance on precedent to make moral decisions.

Proponents of casuistry point out that ethicists often agree on what is morally right to do in a given case, even if they don't agree on the reason or reasons why.

__________ justification of common-morality theory would need to involve rigorous study of the moral beliefs of different cultures to show whether those cultures accept, ignore, abandon, or reject the standards of the common morality.

Common-morality theories and customary moralities are two expressions of the same thing.

Casuists focus on description and comparison of particular cases, but they think moral judgments must still be made based on an appeal to principles.

What are the three types of justification of claims about a universal common morality, as described by Beauchamp and Childress?

We can have the most confidence in principles and considered judgments if we can justify them on the basis of a comprehensive ethical theory.

A moral belief that is used initially and without argumentative support needs to be tested for _______, or its consistency with other beliefs, norms, and experiences and the facts of given cases, before it can serve as an anchor of moral reflection.

The norms with which those who seek reflective equilibrium in their ethical thinking come, according to Beauchamp and Childress, from the _________ morality.

According to Beauchamp and Childress, casuists do not recognize the moral principles involved in ethical reasoning about cases, but they at least do describe the ethical issues involved in a given case properly.

Criteria for a good theory of authoritative beliefs in Beauchamp and Childress's model include __________, covering the appropriate territory in the moral domain.

What is one problem with reliance on casuistry as a system of moral judgment, according to Beauchamp and Childress?

Norms in particular moralities can differ because the abstract starting points in the common morality can be developed in different ways to create practical guidelines with varying degrees of coherence.

Moral Norms

Moral Character

Moral Status

Respect for Autonomy

Nonmaleficence

Beneficence

Justice

Professional-Patient Relationships

Moral Theories

Filters