Exam 1: Introduction to Primate Studis

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Savanna baboons differ from muriquis in their habitat and social structure. While savanna baboons live in open grasslands and woodlands, muriquis are found in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Additionally, savanna baboons live in large multi-male, multi-female social groups, while muriquis live in smaller, more peaceful groups with a more balanced sex ratio.

Savanna baboons also differ from chimpanzees in their diet and tool use. Baboons are omnivorous and primarily eat plants, insects, and small animals, while chimpanzees are primarily herbivorous and also use tools to obtain food. Additionally, chimpanzees are known for their complex tool use, while baboons use tools less frequently.

These differences highlight the diverse adaptations and behaviors of different primate species in response to their unique environments and ecological niches.

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Pygmy marmosets displaying their genitals when encountering neighboring groups at the edge of their territories can be explained using Tinbergen's four levels of explanation.

1. Proximate causation: At the proximate level, we can explain this behavior by looking at the immediate physiological and environmental factors that trigger it. For example, the display of genitals could be a form of communication to signal territorial boundaries and prevent conflict between groups.

2. Developmental causation: This level of explanation focuses on how the behavior develops over the lifespan of the individual. In the case of pygmy marmosets, this behavior could be learned through social interactions within the group and passed down through generations as a way to maintain territorial boundaries.

3. Phylogenetic causation: This level of explanation looks at the evolutionary history of the behavior. The display of genitals could have evolved as a way for pygmy marmosets to communicate and avoid conflict with neighboring groups, ultimately increasing their chances of survival and reproduction.

4. Functional causation: This level of explanation considers the adaptive significance of the behavior. In this case, displaying genitals could serve the function of reducing the likelihood of physical confrontation between groups, thereby reducing the risk of injury and increasing the overall fitness of the individuals involved.

Each of these levels of explanation provides a different perspective on why pygmy marmosets display their genitals when encountering neighboring groups, offering a comprehensive understanding of the behavior.