Question 1

Causes are observable symptoms, conditions, or marks used to prove that a certain state of affairs exists.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

What type of reasoning is used in the following argument?
There is every reason to believe that the concussion crisis in NFL football will get worse. The speed and size of professional athletes have made American football more dangerous. Offensive linemen now average nearly 315 pounds-65 more pounds than they did 30 years ago. They launch that weight from a three-point stance, headfirst, at opposing linemen of nearly the same size. The impact of two such massive players produces a concussion in the cranium when the brain bangs against the skull. Professor of Neurology at Boston University, Dr. Ann McKee, notes, "when helmets clash, the head decelerates instantly, yet the brain continues to lurch forward, like a driver who jams the brakes on. Even though the skull is protected by a helmet, the brain itself is still in motion and a concussion is often the result."

Accepted Answer

A) Argument from dilemma. 
B) Argument from authority. 
C) Argument from cause. 
D) Argument from generalization. 
A) Argument from dilemma. 
B) Argument from authority. 
C) Argument from cause. 
D) Argument from generalization.

Question 3

Reasoning from relies upon whether or not the condition or mark cited can be taken as reliable proof.

Accepted Answer

A) cause 
B) sign 
C) parallel case 
D) generalization 
A) cause 
B) sign 
C) parallel case 
D) generalization

Question 4

"The war against the Taliban is like the popular card game of Texas Hold 'Em in which the terrorists consistently out bluff the Obama Administration." This statement reflects the reasoning pattern known as

Accepted Answer

A) parallel case. 
B) generalization. 
C) analogy. 
D) authority. 
A) parallel case. 
B) generalization. 
C) analogy. 
D) authority.

Question 5

In testing the validity of the argument provided in question 4, we would attempt to determine if the cause, design flaws, was sufficient to produce the effect, crashes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Reasoning from relies on observable symptoms, conditions, or marks that tell us what is the case.

Accepted Answer

A) parallel case 
B) analogy 
C) generalization 
D) sign 
A) parallel case 
B) analogy 
C) generalization 
D) sign

Question 7

The following argument is an example of reasoning. CLAIM: Athletes receive preferential treatment in some classes.
GROUNDS: Members of the football team are allowed to miss classes without incurring the penalties imposed on non-athletes who miss classes.
WARRANT: These conditions suggest preferential treatment of the athlete over the non- athlete by some professors.
BACKING: Preferential treatment in the classroom is commonly recognized as being allowed to miss classes without penalty and being allowed extra time for exams.

Accepted Answer

A) cause 
B) sign 
C) generalization 
D) parallel case 
A) cause 
B) sign 
C) generalization 
D) parallel case

Question 8

"If I stay in school, I'll be tens of thousands of dollars in debt by the time I graduate. If I drop out of school, I won't be able to land a high-paying job." This is an example of an argument from

Accepted Answer

A) sign. 
B) cause. 
C) dilemma. 
D) generalization. 
A) sign. 
B) cause. 
C) dilemma. 
D) generalization.

Question 9

When we reason, we make inferences about the relationship between the grounds and the claim these grounds support.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

In testing the validity of the argument in question 6, you would be well advised to ask

Accepted Answer

A) do the grounds reliably point to the conclusion drawn and not some alternative conclusion? 
B) are sufficient case or instances cited as grounds to ensure the reliability of the generalization? 
C) how similar are the cases cited and are the similarities cited key factors? 
D) is this truly an either-or situation? 
A) do the grounds reliably point to the conclusion drawn and not some alternative conclusion? 
B) are sufficient case or instances cited as grounds to ensure the reliability of the generalization? 
C) how similar are the cases cited and are the similarities cited key factors? 
D) is this truly an either-or situation?

Question 11

Any two phenomena that occur in sequence possess a cause-effect relationship to each other.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Analogies are most useful in illustrating, clarifying, or making an argument more memorable or striking.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Argument from analogy is one of the strongest forms of argument.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Argument from parallel case is just another name for argument from analogy.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

A generalization is a form of deductive reasoning.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

"Since the Pegasus, a wide bodied commercial jetliner has been shown to have serious design flaws, it is reasonable to assume that other wide bodied commercial jetliners, such as the Valkyrie, have serious design flaws," is an example of argument from parallel case.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

In testing the validity of the argument in question 15, you would be well advised to ask

Accepted Answer

A) are the war against terrorism and a card game sufficiently similar in all important ways for the analogy to hold up? 
B) are sufficient cases of instances cited as grounds to ensure the reliability of the generalization? 
C) is the relationship described consistent with the views of a majority or minority of experts in the field? 
D) All of the above 
A) are the war against terrorism and a card game sufficiently similar in all important ways for the analogy to hold up? 
B) are sufficient cases of instances cited as grounds to ensure the reliability of the generalization? 
C) is the relationship described consistent with the views of a majority or minority of experts in the field? 
D) All of the above

Question 18

In testing the validity of the argument in question 13, you would well advised to ask

Accepted Answer

A) are the dissimilarities between the leader of a country and a fictional movie character so great as to adversely influence perception of the implied similarities in the analogy? 
B) are sufficient cases of instances cited as grounds to ensure the reliability of the generalization? 
C) is the relationship described consistent with the views of a majority or minority of experts in the field? 
D) All of the above 
A) are the dissimilarities between the leader of a country and a fictional movie character so great as to adversely influence perception of the implied similarities in the analogy? 
B) are sufficient cases of instances cited as grounds to ensure the reliability of the generalization? 
C) is the relationship described consistent with the views of a majority or minority of experts in the field? 
D) All of the above

Question 19

Which of the following is a test of argument from authority?

Accepted Answer

A) Is the source a qualified expert in the field by reason of training, experience, or background? 
B) Is the statement made within the context of the authority's area of expertise? 
C) Is the authority unbiased? 
D) All of the above 
A) Is the source a qualified expert in the field by reason of training, experience, or background? 
B) Is the statement made within the context of the authority's area of expertise? 
C) Is the authority unbiased? 
D) All of the above

Question 20

An argument from relies on the credibility and expertise of the source to warrant acceptance of a claim.

Accepted Answer

A) parallel case. 
B) generalization. 
C) analogy. 
D) authority. 
A) parallel case. 
B) generalization. 
C) analogy. 
D) authority.

Causes are observable symptoms, conditions, or marks used to prove that a certain state of affairs exists.

Reasoning from relies upon whether or not the condition or mark cited can be taken as reliable proof.

"The war against the Taliban is like the popular card game of Texas Hold 'Em in which the terrorists consistently out bluff the Obama Administration." This statement reflects the reasoning pattern known as

In testing the validity of the argument provided in question 4, we would attempt to determine if the cause, design flaws, was sufficient to produce the effect, crashes.

Reasoning from relies on observable symptoms, conditions, or marks that tell us what is the case.

"If I stay in school, I'll be tens of thousands of dollars in debt by the time I graduate. If I drop out of school, I won't be able to land a high-paying job." This is an example of an argument from

When we reason, we make inferences about the relationship between the grounds and the claim these grounds support.

In testing the validity of the argument in question 6, you would be well advised to ask

Any two phenomena that occur in sequence possess a cause-effect relationship to each other.

Analogies are most useful in illustrating, clarifying, or making an argument more memorable or striking.

Argument from analogy is one of the strongest forms of argument.

Argument from parallel case is just another name for argument from analogy.

A generalization is a form of deductive reasoning.

"Since the Pegasus, a wide bodied commercial jetliner has been shown to have serious design flaws, it is reasonable to assume that other wide bodied commercial jetliners, such as the Valkyrie, have serious design flaws," is an example of argument from parallel case.

In testing the validity of the argument in question 15, you would be well advised to ask

In testing the validity of the argument in question 13, you would well advised to ask

Which of the following is a test of argument from authority?

An argument from relies on the credibility and expertise of the source to warrant acceptance of a claim.

What Is Argumentation

Where Do I Begin in Argumentation

What Am I Going to Argue About

How Do I Analyze Propositions

How Is a Unit of Argument Created

How Do I Prove My Argument

What Should I Avoid

How Are Factual Propositions Argued

How Are Propositions of Value Argued

How Are Propositions of Policy Argued

Filters

Exam 7: How Do I Reason With My Audience

Causes are observable symptoms, conditions, or marks used to prove that a certain state of affairs exists.

Reasoning from relies upon whether or not the condition or mark cited can be taken as reliable proof.

"The war against the Taliban is like the popular card game of Texas Hold 'Em in which the terrorists consistently out bluff the Obama Administration." This statement reflects the reasoning pattern known as

In testing the validity of the argument provided in question 4, we would attempt to determine if the cause, design flaws, was sufficient to produce the effect, crashes.

Reasoning from relies on observable symptoms, conditions, or marks that tell us what is the case.

"If I stay in school, I'll be tens of thousands of dollars in debt by the time I graduate. If I drop out of school, I won't be able to land a high-paying job." This is an example of an argument from

When we reason, we make inferences about the relationship between the grounds and the claim these grounds support.

In testing the validity of the argument in question 6, you would be well advised to ask

Any two phenomena that occur in sequence possess a cause-effect relationship to each other.

Analogies are most useful in illustrating, clarifying, or making an argument more memorable or striking.

Argument from analogy is one of the strongest forms of argument.

Argument from parallel case is just another name for argument from analogy.

A generalization is a form of deductive reasoning.

"Since the Pegasus, a wide bodied commercial jetliner has been shown to have serious design flaws, it is reasonable to assume that other wide bodied commercial jetliners, such as the Valkyrie, have serious design flaws," is an example of argument from parallel case.

In testing the validity of the argument in question 15, you would be well advised to ask

In testing the validity of the argument in question 13, you would well advised to ask

Which of the following is a test of argument from authority?

An argument from relies on the credibility and expertise of the source to warrant acceptance of a claim.

What Is Argumentation

Where Do I Begin in Argumentation

What Am I Going to Argue About

How Do I Analyze Propositions

How Is a Unit of Argument Created

How Do I Prove My Argument

What Should I Avoid

How Are Factual Propositions Argued

How Are Propositions of Value Argued

How Are Propositions of Policy Argued

Filters