Exam 3: Theories Part II: Critical, Labeling, Cycle of Violence, Life Course, Pathways, and Masculinity Theories

Out of the four trajectory classifications used by Elaine Gunnison (2015), which of the following is considered to be the only female-dominated group?

The ______ effect is an example of a significant desistance factor for offending.

Life course theory is comparable to ______ theory in that it rarely includes maltreatment and other trauma variables.

Which of the following categories refers to women who acted out from childhood abuse and neglect, were then labeled "problem children," developed alcohol problems, and then harmed others because they were angry from being "done wrong?"

Critical race theory has been more useful in applications to criminology research than the Marxist theories.

Discuss pathways theory. Are the traumas associated with pathways similar to those in other theories? If so, which ones?

Which theory is considered to be a developmental perspective that focuses on individuals' behavioral changes from birth until death?

As an age and developmental theory, ______ stresses the significance of the highest offending levels likely to be in adolescence and possibly into the 20s.

The assumption/problem that race is completely embedded in U.S. laws and policies is central to which theory?

According to the text, who was more likely to criticize critical legal studies?

Which theory posits that adverse life events including trauma can serve as trajectories to offending, and these adverse events may be in childhood and/or adulthood?

Life course theory (LCT) is considered to be a developmental perspective.

Which of the following statements pertaining to de-escalators is true?

The originators of critical race theory believed that White privilege and ______ are core to understanding racism in the systematic discrimination and civil rights violations of people of color.

Which of the following is an example of a label that may make offending worse?

Which of the following theories was identified as being more useful in the applications to criminology research than the Marxist and critical control theories?

Explain the difference between prospective and retrospective research. Provide some examples of theories that utilize both prospective and retrospective research.

Which types of women tend to have the least extensive criminal records?

Which of the following theories is considered to be more consistent with feminist approaches, even if they have not always been applied so?

In her study of crack-addicted women, Sterk (1999) captured the dichotomy of ______.